A Polymorphism in CALHM1 Influences Ca 2+ Homeostasis, A b Levels, and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Ute Dreses-Werringloer, 1 Jean-Charles Lambert, 2 Vale ´ rie Vingtdeux, 1 Haitian Zhao, 1 Horia Vais, 3 Adam Siebert, 3 Ankit Jain, 3 Jeremy Koppel, 1 Anne Rovelet-Lecrux, 4 Didier Hannequin, 4 Florence Pasquier, 5 Daniela Galimberti, 6 Elio Scarpini, 6 David Mann, 7 Corinne Lendon, 8 Dominique Campion, 4 Philippe Amouyel, 2 Peter Davies, 1,9 J. Kevin Foskett, 3 Fabien Campagne, 10, * and Philippe Marambaud 1,9, * 1 Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-LIJ, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA 2 INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Universite ´ de Lille II, 59019 Lille, France 3 Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 4 INSERM, U614, Faculte ´ de me ´ decine, 76000 Rouen, France 5 Department of Neurology, University Hospital, 59037 Lille, France 6 Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy 7 Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, University of Manchester, Salford M6 8HD, UK 8 Molecular Psychiatry Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4006, Australia 9 Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA 10 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA *Correspondence: fac2003@med.cornell.edu (F.C.), pmaramba@aecom.yu.edu (P.M.) DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.048 SUMMARY brain regions and by the presence of cerebral senile plaques comprised of aggregated amyloid- b (A b ) peptides (Mattson, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a genetically heteroge- 2004; Selkoe, 2001). The first atrophy observed in the AD brain neous disorder characterized by early hippocampal occurs in the medial temporal lobe, which includes the hippo- campus, and is the result of a massive synaptic degeneration atrophy and cerebral amyloid- b (A b ) peptide deposi- and neuronal death (Braak and Braak, 1991; de Leon et al., tion. Using TissueInfo to screen for genes preferen- 2007). Two major A b species are found, A b 40 and A b 42; both tially expressed in the hippocampus and located are produced from the sequential endoproteolysis of the amyloid in AD linkage regions, we identified a gene on precursor protein (APP) by BACE1/ b -secretase and by presenilin 10q24.33 that we call CALHM1 . We show that (PS)/ g -secretase complexes. APP can also undergo a nonamy- CALHM1 encodes a multipass transmembrane gly- loidogenic proteolysis by a -secretase, which cleaves APP within coprotein that controls cytosolic Ca 2+ concentra- the A b sequence and thereby precludes A b generation (Maram- tions and A b levels. CALHM1 homomultimerizes, baud and Robakis, 2005; Wilquet and De Strooper, 2004). shares strong sequence similarities with the selectiv- The etiology of the disease is complex because of its strong ity filter of the NMDA receptor, and generates a large genetic heterogeneity. Rare autosomal-dominant mutations in Ca 2+ conductance across the plasma membrane. the genes encoding APP, PS1, and PS2 cause early-onset AD, whereas complex interactions among different genetic variants Importantly, we determined that the CALHM1 P86L and environmental factors are believed to modulate the risk polymorphism (rs2986017) is significantly associated for the vast majority of late-onset AD (LOAD) cases (Kennedy with AD in independent case-control studies of 3404 et al., 2003; Lambert and Amouyel, 2007; Pastor and Goate, participants (allele-specific OR = 1.44, p = 2 3 10 � 10 ). 2004). To date, the only susceptibility gene unambiguously dem- We further found that the P86L polymorphism in- onstrated worldwide is the 3 4 allele of APOE on chromosome 19 creases A b levels by interfering with CALHM1-medi- (Strittmatter et al., 1993). However, epidemiological studies indi- ated Ca 2+ permeability. We propose that CALHM1 cate that the presence of the APOE 3 4 allele cannot explain the encodes an essential component of a previously un- overall heritability of AD, implying that a significant proportion characterized cerebral Ca 2+ channel that controls A b of LOAD cases is attributable to additional genetic risk factors levels and susceptibility to late-onset AD. (Lambert and Amouyel, 2007; Pastor and Goate, 2004). Support- ing this observation, concordant evidence of linkage to LOAD INTRODUCTION has been observed in different chromosomal regions, including on chromosome 10, where a strong and consensual susceptibil- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative ity locus is present (Bertram et al., 2000; Blacker et al., 2003; disorder characterized by a massive loss of neurons in several Ertekin-Taner et al., 2000; Farrer et al., 2003; Kehoe et al., 1999; Cell 133 , 1149–1161, June 27, 2008 ª 2008 Elsevier Inc. 1149
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