A perspective from the Asia Pacific Region ILO Jobs & Skills - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Assessing Skills Mismatches A perspective from the Asia – Pacific Region ILO Jobs & Skills Mismatches Conference 11-12 May, 2017 Tania Rajadel

Outline  A quick overview  Some evidence of skills mismatches in developing Asia and Pacific  Highlights from skills demand analyses in ADB education operations  Looking ahead

Overview

Developing Asia-Pacific: a middle- income region Developing Asia economies  Most of the developing Asia and Pacific region has reached middle- income status Population living in low, middle, and high income economies  More than 95% of developing Asia's population lives in middle-income economies

Improved access to education, but quality remains an issue Test scores across Asian and OECD Educational attainments have improved steadily  economies – Gross enrollments in secondary and tertiary  education are increasing 4 Average years of schooling has doubled  2 from 4 in 1970 to 8 in recent years 0 But  ฀2 Disparities remain, both between and within  ฀4 countries ฀4 ฀2 0 2 4 6 Quality and relevance are a major concern  H K G = H o n g K o n g , Ch i n a ; I ND = I n d i a ; I NO = I n d o n e si a ; J P N = J a p a n ; K OR = R e p u b l i c o f K o r e a ; M AL = M a l a y si a ; P H I = P h i l i p p i n e s; Youth with secondary education and above (age 15-29) SI N = Si n g a p o r e ; T AP = T a i p e i , Ch i n a ; T H A = T h a i l a n d . – No t e : Se e Ap p e n d i x 1 f o r d e t a i l e d me t h o d o l o g y . 600+ 400+ 1.00 So u r c e : ADB e st i ma t e s u si n g d a t a f r o m P e n n W o r l d T a b l e V e r si o n 8 . 1 0.90 a n d B a r r o - L e e Da t a se t ( 1 9 7 0 – 20 1 0 ) u si n g a p p r o a c h b y H a n u sh e k a n d W o e ssma n n ( 20 0 8 ) . 0.80 0.70 0.60 Share 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 — 0.00 2003 2012 2002 2011 2005 2011 2000 2012 2003 2013 2003 2013 2002 2013 2004 2013 2000 2010 2007 2013 Cambodia PRC Fiji India Indonesia Kazakhstan Pakistan Philippines Thailand Viet Nam S econdary Vocational S econdary General Tertiary Vocational Tertiary General PRC = People ’ s Republic of China. Source: ADB estimates using data from labor force surveys. — ’ — — u n d e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n o v e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n t e c h n i c a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n mi sma t c h

Megatrends & challenges faced by developing Asia and Pacific  Developing Asian and Pacific economies face specific challenges linked to their recent transition to middle-income status …  Drivers of growth and employment need to evolve, to focus more on improving productivity and promoting innovation  … and must deal with global megatrends affecting all regions  Fast-evolving technologies  Globalization and shifting trade patterns, including global value chains  Demographic trends – urbanization, aging  Climate change and exposure to disasters

Skills mismatches in developing Asia-Pacific economies

K e y I n d i c a t o r s f o r Asi a a n d t h e P a c i f i c 20 1 5 Routine and low-skilled occupations still K e y I n d i c a t o r s f o r Asi a a n d t h e P a c i f i c 20 1 5 predominate Employment by sector Employment & skills content Remains Predominantly Low-Skilled Cambodia Ca mbodia PRC P R C Fiji F iji India India Indonesia Indonesia Kazakhstan Ka zakhstan Pakistan P a kistan Philippines P hilippines ’ ’ Thailand Tha ila nd – Viet Nam Viet Na m – – ’ 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 – – – 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Share Share Agriculture Manufacturing Other Industry Low-Skilled Mid-Skilled (Nonroutine) Mid-Skilled (Routine) ’ Services (Low-Skilled) Services (High-Skilled) Mid-Skilled (Nonroutine) Mid-Skilled (Routine) Professional/ Technical Managerial ’ ’ Share of employed workforce with secondary or tertiary education, by sector – 0.90 – – ’ 0.80 – – – 0.70 0.60 ’ Share 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 Agriculture Manufacturing Other Industry Services (Low-Skilled) Services (High-Skilled) People ’ s Republic of China (2007) Cambodia (2012) Fiji (2011) India (2012) Indonesia (2013) Kazakhstan (2013) Pakistan (2013) Philippines (2013) Thailand (2010) Viet Nam (2013) PRC = People’s Republic of China. Notes: Only latest survey year available for each country is used. ISIC Rev. 4 industry groups. Agriculture = 1 – 3; Manufacturing = 10 – 33; Other Industry = 41 – 43; Services (Low-Skilled) = 49 – 56, 94 – 98; Services (High- Skilled) = 58 – 93, 99. Only latest survey year available for each country is used. ISIC Rev. 4 industry groups. Agriculture = 1 – 3; Manufacturing = 10 – 33; Other Industry = 41 – 43; Services (Low-Skilled) = 49 – 56, 94 – 98; Services (High-Skilled) = 58 – 93, 99. Source: ADB estimates using labor force surveys. Data for the PRC is based on published survey results from the Tabulation on the 2010 Popul ation Census of the People’s Republic of China. ’ — ’ — — ’ —

a F i g u r e 2. 6: Qu a l i f i c t i o n M i sma t c h e s a Ca mb o d i a P R C F i j i I n d i a I n d o n e si a K a z a k h st a n P a k i st a n P h i l i p p i n e s T h a i l a n d Vi e t Na m Employers in Asia and the Pacific report M a t c h Ov e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n Un d e r q u a l i f i c t i o n ’ difficulties in filling vacancies Difficulty filling vacancies in Asia and the Pacific (in %) a F i g u r e 2. 6: Qu a l i f i c t i o n M i sma t c h e s a Qualification mismatches Educational attainments in high-skilled occupations Ca mb o d i a Cambodia P R C PRC F i j i Fiji I n d i a India I n d o n e si a Indonesia K a z a k h st a n Kazakhstan P a k i st a n Pakistan P h i l i p p i n e s Philippines T h a i l a n d Thailand Vi e t Na m Viet Nam 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 — 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Share Share — M a t c h Ov e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n Un d e r q u a l i f i c t i o n Primary Secondary Tertiary PRC = People ’ s Republic of China. PRC = People ’ s Republic of China Note: Only latest survey year available for each country is used. Source: ADB estimates using data from labor force surveys. Source: ADB estimates using data from labor force surveys. 4 Si mu l t a n e o u s o v e r - a n d u n d e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n a l so a r i se b e c a u se o f se a r c h f r i c t i o n s a n d i n d i c a t e sc o p e f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n o f l a b o r t h a t c o u l d e l i mi n a t e t h e e x i st e n c e o f u n d e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n i n so me e c o n o mi e s. — — ’ 4 Si mu l t a n e o u s o v e r - a n d u n d e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n a l so a r i se b e c a u se o f se a r c h f r i c t i o n s a n d i n d i c a t e sc o p e f o r r e a l l o c a t i o n o f l a b o r t h a t c o u l d e l i mi n a t e t h e e x i st e n c e o f u n d e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n i n so me e c o n o mi e s.

Assessing skills mismatches