A New Scale for Measuring Tolerance Kelsey Jo Starr Research Analyst
About Pew Research Center • Independent, nonprofit “fact tank” that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Conducts • • public opinion polling, • demographic research, • content analysis, other data-driven social science research. • • Committed to meeting the highest methodological standards — and to exploring the newest frontiers of research. • Generates a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue and supports sound decision-making. • Does not take policy positions. • Primarily funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts, named after the Pew family. All information and data is publicly available, for free. • 2 July 11, 2019
About the survey 3 July 11, 2019
Topics included in the survey • Religious ligious identit ntity, , practi tices ces and belie iefs fs • Beliefs about God • Levels of religiosity • Attitudes titudes towar ard d spiri rituality tuality and nd religion ligion • Religion ligion and govern ernment nt • Polit litics ics • Social ial issue ues • Nationalism ionalism and nation ional al identity ntity • Views ws of immigration migration and immig migrants rants • Vi Views ws of religiou igious s minor noriti ities es 4 July 11, 2019
Topics included in the survey • Religious ligious identit ntity, , practi tices ces and belie iefs fs • Beliefs about God • Levels of religiosity • Attitudes titudes towar ard d spiri rituality tuality and nd religion ligion • Religion ligion and govern ernment nt • Polit litics ics • Social ial issue ues • Nationalism ionalism and nation ional al identity ntity • Views ws of immigration migration and immig migrants rants • Vi Views ws of religiou igious s minor noriti ities es 5 July 11, 2019
What was asked about NATIONALISM and NATIONAL IDENTITY? 1. How proud are you to be [NATIONALITY]? Very proud, somewhat proud, not very proud or not proud at all? 2. Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say that they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? [INSERT] – is that very important, somewhat important, not very important or not at all important for being truly [NATIONALITY]? a. To have been born in [COUNTRY] b. To be able to speak [NATIONAL/DOMINANT LANGUAGE] c. To be a Christian d. To respect the country’s institutions and laws e. To have [NATIONALITY] family background 3. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statement: “Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others.” 6
What was asked about IMMIGRATION? 1. Do you think the number of immigrants to [COUNTRY] nowadays should be increased, remain the same as it is or be reduced? 2. In general, would you say [INSERT] in [COUNTRY] are hardworking, or not? a. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, such as those from Poland, b. Immigrants from the Middle East, such as those from Syria, c. Immigrants from Africa, such as those from Nigeria, 3. In general, would you say [INSERT] in [COUNTRY] are honest, or not? a. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, such as those from Poland, b. Immigrants from the Middle East, such as those from Syria, c. Immigrants from Africa, such as those from Nigeria, 7
What was asked about RELIGIOUS MINORITIES? 1. Would you be willing to accept Jews/ Muslims as members of your family/ neighbors? 2. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. a. In their hearts, Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else in [COUNTRY]. b. Due to the number of Muslims here, I feel like a stranger in my own country. c. Jews always overstate how much they have suffered. d. Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interest of the country they live in. 3. Which religion or religions, in particular, have teachings that promote violence? 4. In your opinion, how many Muslims in [COUNTRY] support violent extremist groups: would you say most, many, just some or very few? 5. Please tell me which of the following statements comes closer to your own views – even if it does not precisely match your opinion. a. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD be allowed to wear any religious clothing of their choosing b. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD be allowed to wear religious clothing, as long as it does not cover their face c. Muslim women who live in [COUNTRY] SHOULD D NOT be allowed to wear any religious clothing 6. Please tell me whether the FIRST statement or the SECOND statement comes closer to your own views – even if it does not precisely match your opinion. a. Islam is fundamentally incompatible with [NATIONALITY] culture and values. b. There is no fundamental contradiction between Islam and [NATIONALITY] culture and values.
Creating the NIM scale • Dichotomized omized each quest stion ion • 1 = Nationalist, anti-Immigrant, or anti-religious Minority view (NIM scale) 0 = Other responses • • Det etermined ermined which quest stions ions to keep p in the NIM scale le by: Conducting factor analyses of each of the 3 NIM • components • Calculating Cronbach’s alphas (both with each of the 3 NIM components and the full NIM scale) Reviewing toplines and considering analytic goals • 9 July 11, 2019
What was kept on NATIONALISM and NATIONAL IDENTITY? 1. How proud are you to be [NATIONALITY]? Very proud, somewhat proud, not very proud or not proud at all? 2. Some people say that the following things are important for being truly [NATIONALITY]. Others say that they are not important. How important do you think each of the following is? [INSERT] – is that very important, somewhat important, not very important or not at all important for being truly [NATIONALITY]? a. To have been born in [COUNTRY] b. To be able to speak [NATIONAL/DOMINANT LANGUAGE] c. To be a Christian d. To respect the country’s institutions and laws e. To have [NATIONALITY] family background 3. Please tell me if you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statement: “Our people are not perfect, but our culture is superior to others.” 10
Checking and reweighting Cronbach’s Alpha Ordinal Coefficient Alpha Nationalism 0.61 0.72 Immigration 0.84 0.94 Religious Minorities 0.80 0.92 Full NIM Scale 0.88 0.95 • 22 ques questio tions ns into a 10-poin oint t scale • National ionalism ism – 3 que question stions s (1. 1.11 points ts each h on a 10-poin oint t scale) e) Immi migr grat ation ion – 7 que question stions s (0.48 48 points ts each on a 10-poin oint t scale) ale) • Religious gious Minorit itie ies s – 12 que question stions s (0.28 28 points ts each on a 10-poin oint t scale) e) • 11 July 11, 2019
Share in each country who score higher than 5 on the 10-point index 38% Italy 29 Austria Denmark 25 25 Germany 25 Ireland 25 Switzerland Finland 23 22 United Kingdom 20 Belgium France 19 Norway 19 18 Portugal 17 Spain Netherlands 16 8 Sweden
Self-identified Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to score above 5 Across 15 countries surveyed, median % who score above 5 on the 10-point NIM 22% General population Church-attending 26 Christians 24 Non-practicing Christians Religiously unaffiliated 14
Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM Right-wing political ideology +35% pts. (vs. left) Church-attending Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Male +7 All friends belong to same religion as +6 respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam +4 Young (ages 18 to 34) -2 Personal economic situation good -5 Know a Jewish person -7 Satisfied with country's direction -7 College educated -15 (vs. less education) Know a Muslim -19
Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM Right-wing political ideology +35% pts. (vs. left) Church-attending Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Male +7 All friends belong to same religion as +6 respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam +4 Young (ages 18 to 34) -2 Personal economic situation good -5 Know a Jewish person -7 Satisfied with country's direction -7 College educated -15 (vs. less education) Know a Muslim -19
Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM Right-wing political ideology +35% pts. (vs. left) Church-attending Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Non-practicing Christian +15 (vs. unaffiliated) Male +7 All friends belong to same religion as +6 respondent Know a great deal/some about Islam +4 Young (ages 18 to 34) -2 Personal economic situation good -5 Know a Jewish person -7 Satisfied with country's direction -7 College educated -15 (vs. less education) Know a Muslim -19
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