BISO Environmental Sustainability Assessment Jorge Cristobal, Cristina T. Matos, Jean-Philippe Aurambout, Simone Manfredi, Boyan Kavalov 21.11.2014 European Commission JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability Sustainability Assessment Unit (JRC.H.08) www.jrc.ec.europa.eu Serving society Stimulating innovation Supporting legislation 3 Bioeconomy Pillars Bioenergy Bio-based Products Food and Feed 2 1
Environmental factsheets All factsheets available on the WEB http://biobs.jrc.ec.europa.eu/analysis 3 Environmental Factsheets Environmental Factsheets structure • SECTION 1: Process / Product information • SECTION 2: Environmental data and information • SECTION 3: References / Further information 4 2
Environmental Factsheets SECTION 1: PROCESS/PRODUCT INFORMATION • Schematic value chain • Technological overview • Technology readiness levels • SWOT 5 Environmental Factsheets SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION • Objective: Bioeconomy Available MAP Relevant for Value AND Environmental PRESENT Chains Data Addressed by further research • Identify Knowledge gaps; • Identify differences and similarities in LCA methodologies; • Normalize reported data � compare impact categories. 6 3
Environmental Factsheets SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION • Content: 1 System boundaries of the environmental assessment 7 Environmental Factsheets SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION • Content: 2 Environmental assessment: settings and impacts PEF Impact Category Climate Change Collected Data TABLE Ozone Depletion Freshwater Ecotoxicity Human Toxicity - cancer effects • Different impact categories analysed. Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects Mainly using Product Environmental Footprint Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics methodology. Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation LCA data presented in ranges � • Acidification Eutrophication – terrestrial Maximum and minimum values for the Eutrophication – aquatic same functional unit. Resource Depletion – water Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil Land Transformation 8 4
Environmental Factsheets SECTION 2: ENVIRONMENTAL DATA AND INFORMATION • Content: 3 Comments and interpretation of the environmental performance Using normalisation factors � emissions from the EU27 in 2010 • Inventory reported in the 2014 JRC technical report on normalisation • Other impact categories � ReCiPe or IFEU reports • • Graphical representation of the normalised results • Explanations on the collected LCA results (identification of methodology and technology issues that influence the results) 9 Environmental Factsheets SECTION 3: REFERENCES / FURTHER INFORMATION • References • Main FP7 projects � with LCA info on the process/product Further info in CORDIS – Community Research and Development Information Service: http://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html 10 5
Bioenergy Pillar 11 Bioenergy Pillar Factsheets Published Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION Biofuels Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Factsheets Under Construction Small-scale heating Small-scale heating Large-scale heating Large-scale heating Via DIRECT COMBUSTION Electricity Electricity CHP Combined Heat and Power Combined Heat and Power Biofuels Biofuels Biofuels Via GASIFICATION Hydrogen Hydrogen H 2 Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power CHP Factsheets Under Consideration 2 nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS 2 nd Generation Ethanol via HYDROLYSIS Biofuels Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTION Heat and/or Power via TORREFACTION CHP Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power CHP Via A. DIGESTION Fuel Fuel Biofuels CHP Via PYROLYSIS Heat and/or Power Heat and/or Power 12 Biodiesel via HYDROGENATION Biodiesel via HYDROGENATION Biofuels 6
Bioenergy Pillar Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION 13 Process information TRL Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Feedstock Distillation Hydrolysis Saccharification / Fermentation TRL – TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVELS Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION Feedstock Esterfi/Transeterif Extraction 14 7
Environmental data LCA � Different system boundaries: � Cradle to Grave � Cradle to Gate � Gate to Gate � Depending on the feedstock, the process must include: � Esterification previous to transesterification for biodiesel � Hydrolysis previous to fermentation for bioethanol � Special case for biofuels in transport: � well to wheel – same as cradle to grave (without considering the car manufacturing or disposal). Focused on GHG and energy - Esterification – Transesterification efficiency. - Hydrolysis – Fermentation 15 Environmental data Identification of gaps Selection Criteria � Data availability � Data in line with PEF methodology Mid point � Priority to studies accounting for the highest number of impact categories � Peer-reviewed, most cited and most recent Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION 9 STUDIES 7 STUDIES 34 CASE 24 CASE STUDIES STUDIES 16 8
Environmental data Impact categories Impact Category Biodiesel Bioethanol Climate Change Ozone Depletion Freshwater Ecotoxicity Human Toxicity - cancer effects Human Toxicity – non-cancer effects UNITS UNITS Particulate Matter, Respiratory Inorganics Ionising Radiation – human health effects Photochemical Ozone Formation UNITS UNITS Acidification UNITS UNITS Eutrophication – terrestrial Eutrophication – aquatic Resource Depletion – water Resource Depletion – mineral, fossil Land Transformation 17 Environmental data Data In the factsheet � presented as ranges TABLE Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven Raw material input (feedstock) Rapeseed Soybean FFA-rich wastes Microalgae Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology Climate change (kgCO 2 eq) (4.8E-3 – 0.2) 1.15 1.08 (0.031 – 0.043) (0.032 – 0.044) (0.33 – 5.24) (0.15 – 1) Table 1. LCA results for Functional Unit (F.U.) 1 kilometre driven Raw material input (feedstock) Wheat Sugar cane Willow Glycerol Corn Impact categories from Environmental Sustainability Assessment methodology Climate change (kgCO 2 eq) (-0.016 – 0.15 (0.05-0.25) (0.06-1.59) (-0.032- -9.75E- 0.22 (-1.23-0.39) 0.11 1.15) 0.072) 7 18 9
Environmental data Normalization Bioalcohol via FERMENTATION � Negative values when substitution – system expansion is used as allocation criteria (wheat straw and DDGS replace animal feed production) � Ozone depletion and Resource depletion – high due to the use of fossil fuels in agriculture � Fresh water eutrophication – use of agrochemicals and fertilizers in 19 feedstock production Environmental data Normalization Biodiesel via TRANSESTERIFICATION � Negative values – due to substitution (glycerin – from fossil propane gas; rapemeal – imported soymeal) � High values due to intensive agricultural activities for rapeseed cultivation � Assumption of a lower utilization efficiency of biodiesel in the car engine 20 10
Bio-based Products Pillar 21 Bio-based Products Factsheets Published Chemical Building Blocks Lactic Acid Acetic Acid Organic Acids Adipic Acid Succinic Acid � Data availability; 1,3- Propanediol Alcohols Gycerol � Technology readiness: demonstration to full scale application; Polylactic Acid (PLA) Bio-polymers Polymers � Market importance of the bio-based Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production pathway; Factsheets Under Construction � Actual and future perspectives for market Citric Acid Citric Acid Organic Acid growth. Lysine Lysine Amino Acids Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Paper Paper 22 11
Process information Value Chain Biomass Intermediate Platforms Bio-polymers Applications Polyhydroxyalk Coatings Sugar Crops Saccharose anoates Packaging Polylactic Acid Medical Devices Starch Crops Starch Glucose Fibers Lactic Acid Cellulose Solvents Lignocellulosic Acetic Acid Crops and Hemicellulose Polymer Residues Lignin Inks Succinic Acid Food Additives Oil Crops Vegetable Oils Adipic Acid Pharmaceutical 1,3- Animal Fats Tallow Fatty Acids Soaps Propanediol Resins Used Cooking Glycerol Lubricants Oils Oil Building Blocks 23 Process information Value Chain Conversion Biomass Bio-polymers Applications Polyhydroxyalk Coatings Sugar Crops Centrifugation anoates Extraction Packaging Polylactic Acid Medical Devices Distillation Starch Crops Filtration Fibers Lactic Acid Crystallisation Solvents Lignocellulosic Hydrolysis Acetic Acid Crops and Polymer Residues Transesterification Succinic Acid Inks Electrodialysis Food Additives Oil Crops Adipic Acid Fermentation Hydrogenation Pharmaceutical 1,3- Animal Fats Soaps Propanediol Resins Polymerisation Cell Disruption Glycerol Used Cooking Lubricants Oil Building Blocks 24 12
Process information TRL Chemical Building Blocks TRL of Bio-Based Products Production Adipic Acid Succinic Acid PHAs Polylactic Acid Glycerol Bio-polymers 1,3- Propanediol Lactic Acid Acetic Acid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Demonstration Full Commercial Scale Application 25 Technology readiness levels TRL of Feedstock Use Demonstration Full Commercial Scale Application 26 13
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