2015 1. / [5,6 - PDF document

2015 년 윤도형팀 전공영어의 결실 1. 영어학 관련 유사 적중문제 / [5,6 월 전공영어연습 p. 82] [2016 년 전공 A 6 번 ] Read the following and follow the direction. In English, the addition of some suffixes changes the position of stress in the base to which they are attached. In this case, the shift of stress is related to the syllabic structure of the base. In general, the assignment of stress abides by the following rules: (1) The primary stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix if it contains a tense vowel or a diphthong or is closed by a consonant. (2) If the syllable immediately before the suffix is an open syllable with one lax vowel, which is called a light syllable, the primary stress is on the syllable that immediately comes before the light syllable. To take an example, in adjectival , the second syllable from the end, the penult, bears the primary stress because it contains a diphthong. But in statistical , the syllable immediately before the suffix has a lax vowel with no coda, the third syllable from the end, the antepenult, carries the primary stress. Explain the stress-shift phenomena in the pairs of the underlined words in (A) and (B) according to the rules above. Your explanation should include how the position of the primary stress changes in the derivation of a new word from its base and why the stress-bearing syllable in the derived word carries the primary stress. (A) You need insecticide to kill an insect. (B) A democrat fights for democracy. 전공영어연습 보충자료 [ ] Suffixes and Stress 1. Stress-bearing [-attracting] Suffixes Suffixes attract the stress. Below are common derivational suffixes. -ade lémon - lemonáde -aire míllion - millionaíre -ation réalize - realizátion -ee ábsent - absentée (exception: commíttee) -eer móuntain - mountainéer - 1 -

-ese Japán - Japanése -esque pícture - picturésque -ette kítchen - kitchenétte -itis lárynx - laryngítis Expectedly, these stress-bearing suffixes always constitute heavy syllables. 2. Stress-neutral Suffixes These suffixes never make any difference to the stress pattern of the resulting word. Such suffixes include all eight inflectional suffixes (plural; possessive; 3rd person singular present tense '-s'; progressive '-ing'; past '-ed'; past participle '-en'/'-ed'; comparative '-er'; and superlative '-est'), and several derivational ones: -al arríve - arríval -cy célibate - célibacy -dom frée - fréedom -er pláy - pláyer -ess líon - líoness -ful gráce - gráceful -hood nátion -nátionhood -ish gréen - gréenish -ism álcohol - álcoholism -ist húman - húmanist -ive submít - submíssive -less bóttom - bóttomless -ly fríend - fríendly -ness fránk - fránkness -ship fríend - fríendship -some búrden - búrdensome -wise clóck - clóckwise -th grów - grówth -ty cértain - cértainty -y sílk - sílky We should point out that the last item, adjective-forming suffix - y, should not be treated in the same way as the noun-forming -y, which shifts the stress to antepenultimate, as in homophone - homophony, photograph - photography, etc. While the above-listed suffixes do not normally change the location of the stress, when several unstressed syllables are piled up to the right of the stress, we see that the stress moves to the antepenult. - 2 -

móment - mómentary but momentárily 3. Stress-shifting Suffixes A multiplicity of derivational suffixes, when added to a root, shift the stress from its original position to the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. Below are some of the common ones in this group: -ean Áristotle -Aristotélian -ial súbstance - substántial -ian líbrary - librárian -ical geómetry - geométrical -icide ínsect - insécticide -ic périod - periódic (exceptions: Arabic, lunatic) -ify pérson - persónify -ious lábor - labórious -ity húmid - humídity -ometer spéed - speedómeter -ual cóntext - contéxtual -ous móment - moméntous -y hómonym - homónymy We need to point out that if the original stress is on the last syllable of the root (the syllable immediately before the suffix), no change in location of the stress will result, because it is already where it should be (e.g. divérse - divérsify, absúrd - absúrdity, obése - obésity). There is also a group of suffixes that put the stress on the syllable immediately before them if that syllable is heavy (i.e. has branching rhyme). The suffix -al in refusal, recital, and accidental is an example of this phenomenon. The stress falls on the syllable that is immediately before the suffix, because that syllable is heavy (long vowel, diphthong, and closed syllable, respectively). However, if the syllable in question is not heavy, then the stress moves one more syllable to the left (e.g. séasonal, práctical). The same is observable in the suffix -ency of emérgency and consístency on the one hand, and présidency and cómpetency on the other. While in the first two words the stress is on the syllable immediately before the suffix (closed syllable), if falls on the syllable one more position to the left in the last two words because the syllable before the suffix is light. It is worth pointing out that there are some other endings that seem to vacillate between the different suffix types, of which -able is a good example. This suffix behaves like stress-neutral in most cases, as in quéstion - quéstionable, adóre - adórable, mánage - mánageable. However, in several disyllabic stems with final stress, it shifts the stress one syllable left (to stem-initial), as in admíre - - 3 -

ádmirable, compáre - cómparable, prefér - préferable (however, note the more recent tendency for stress-neutral behavior, e.g. compárable, admírable). To complicate things further, -able may also shift the stress one syllable to the right, as in démonstrate - demónstrable. Another interesting case is the -ive suffix. When added to a monosyllabic root, the stress, expectedly, is on the root ( -ive cannot bear stress) as in áct - áctive. However, in words with three or more syllables, we may see the stress falling on the syllable before it (e.g. decísive, offénsive), or moving one more to the left (e.g. négative, sédative), or even to one further left (e.g. génerative, méditative). [7,8 월 전공 B 4 번 ] [2016 년 전공 A 10 번 ] Read (A) and (B) and follow the directions. (A) Consider the following sentences: (1) a. Jones noticed the mark on the wallpaper. b. Clive pushed a supermarket trolley. From a semantic point of view, the verbs noticed and pushed are different in that the former is bounded, while the latter is unbounded. That is, noticed implies a natural endpoint and the act of noticing the mark cannot continue beyond the finishing point. On the other hand, pushed signals no finishing point and the pushing activity can continue indefinitely. The semantic difference of the verbs results in a number of grammatical differences with respect to in/for -adverbials, it-take construction, and modification by adverbs like deliberately , as shown below: (2) a. Jones noticed the marks on the wallpaper in a minute/*for a minute. b. Clive pushed a supermarket trolley *in a minute/for a munite. (3) a. It took a minute for Jones to notice the marks on the wallpaper. b. *It took a minute for Clive to push a supermarket trolley. (4) a. *Jones deliberately noticed the marks on the wallpaper. b. Clive deliberately pushed a supermarket trolley. As can be seen above, the verb noticed goes with in -adverbial, and occurs in the it-take construction, but does not occur with deliberately , while the verb pushed occurs with for -adverbial and deliberately , but fails to form the it-take construction. - 4 -