2/14/2020 Rise of the Byzantine Empire * Note : Diocletian begins - PDF document

2/14/2020 Rise of the Byzantine Empire * Note : Diocletian begins last (and worst) persecution of Christians Begins with Division of Roman Empire -- Diocletian -- 284AD* Germanic Invasions – Frontiers Not Secure Tetrarchy Created (rule by the four) * Note : Majority of invasions are in the Western part of the Roman Empire Western Roman Empire – Capital – Milan (Augustus) Trier (Caesar) ( Constantine ) Eastern Roman Empire – Capital – Nicomedia (Augustus) ( Diocletian ) Thessalonica (Caesar) 1 2 Constantine Comes to Power – 306AD (Mother is St. Helena)  Defeats Maxentius at Battle of Milvian Bridge -312 AD Trier, Germany “Hoc signo vince” (By this sign win your victory) Seamless Robe of Christ  Edict of Milan – 313 AD = Christianity is a LEGAL religion  Documented from 12 th Century  St Helena? Trier Cathedral (Dom) Reliquary of the Robe 3 4 1

2/14/2020 Constantine Constantinople develops Becomes sole emperor by 324 AD *East / West Crossroads by land  Decides to build new capital in the east (escape invasions) Trade! *North / South Crossroads by sea Byzantium – Greek trading colony New capital is opened 330 AD = Constantinople (“Constantinpolis”) 5 6 Constantine’s original walls, reinforced by Theodosius double walls in 5 th century Length was 13 miles with 50 towers 7 8 2

2/14/2020 Western Roman Empire “Collapses” in 476 Western Roman Empire “Collapses” in 476 Christian Church (Pope/”papa”) remains in Rome  Accepts leadership role in west Eastern Roman Empire continues  Retains Latin Still Known as “Roman Empire” (Consider themselves to be Roman ) Since 16 th Century known as “Byzantine Empire”  Roman Catholicism develops Cultural Blend of Greek, Roman (Latin) and Persian Cultures Greek eventually becomes the dominant language St. Peter’s Basilica – From Constantine Distinctive form of Christianity develops – Eastern Orthodox 9 10 Byzantium and the West Emperor Justinian (527 – 565 A.D.) Humble origins (Balkans) – Uncle Emperor Justin I Western Roman Empire now ruled by barbarian successor states. Marries Theodora (19 years younger)  “actress” / beautiful / smart Many adopted Christianity (Orthodox / Arian) Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age Gaul occupied by the Franks -- Clovis  shared power Ostragoths (Ost = East) occupy Italy – Ravenna is their capital.  saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt • Ruled by Theodoric • Arian Christian Theodoric’s Sarcophagus and Tomb (Ravenna) Vandals occupy North Africa Early 6 th century Byzantium attempts to reclaim parts of the west 11 3

2/14/2020 Justinian Humble origins (Balkans) – Uncle Emperor Justin I Marries Theodora (19 years younger)  actress / beautiful / smart Ultimate dynamic power couple of Byzantine age  shared power Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D .  saved Justinian in 532 during the Nika revolt Each supports the other – both have their own courts – regal lifestyle Ravenna Where have you seen this picture ? Ravenna = Best Preserved Byzantine Mosaics in the World Constantinople’s Mosaics destroyed by war Greek and Roman Mosaics were Theodora usually built/placed into the floor. Justinian Byzantine Mosaics were usually built/placed into the wall. 13 14 Basilica of St. Vitale +548 A.D. 6 th Century 11 th Century 13 th Century Byzantine Mosaics Byzantine Mosaics Byzantine Mosaics 15 16 4

2/14/2020 St. Apollinare in Classe +549 A.D. 17 18 National Shrine of the Immaculate Basilica of St. Vitale = 548 A.D. Conception Byzantine Architecture Washington, D.C. (Greek & Roman) Byzantine Architecture 19 20 5

2/14/2020 Under Justinian Justinian Dies in 565 Byzantines attempt to Gains in the West begin to be lost regain parts of the old Western Roman Empire General Belisarius Regains parts of North Africa Carthage 533 Regains Italy 535 – 540 Ravenna capital* Regains part of Spain 554 Maintain control of portions of these areas for 200+ years. Greatest Extent of Byzantine Empire *Ravenna Mosaics best preserved of all Byzantine art. 21 22 Constantinople is considered to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world “ Greek Fire ” Considered to be the center of knowledge inherited from the Greeks and the Romans 23 24 6

2/14/2020 Justinian’s Code of Laws Justinian’s Code of Laws Roman law codes accumulated for 1,000 years Never organized into a useful system Roman law codes accumulated for 1,000 years Under Tribonian updated legal system Never organized into a useful system Corpus of Civil Law – “Justinian Code” Under Tribonian updated legal system Become the basis for the majority of European legal codes Corpus of Civil Law – “Justinian Code” Become the basis for the majority of European legal codes Munchies Question !! What one State in the United States uses a form of the Justinian Code as a basis for their laws? Munchies Question! What one State in the United States uses a form of the Answer: Louisiana Justinian Code as a basis for their laws? 25 26 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope Justinian and the Church Early Christian Church – Five Patriarchs (Bishops) Rome, Jerusalem, Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria Construction of the Church of Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) Originally the local people appoint the Bishop 532 – 537 (5 years to build!) Rome and Constantinople most powerful / influential Byzantine Emperor influences (appoints) the Patriarch of Constantinople Largest Christian / Catholic Tries to influence the Pope – give protection church for 1,000 years! No ruler in west to direct Pope (He does as he feels necessary) Western Europe – Abbey of Cluny was the largest Catholic church. St. Peter’s Basilica became the largest church in the 17 th century. Became a mosque! Today it is a museum! 27 28 7

2/14/2020 Byzantine Emperor in Conflict with Roman Pope (con’t) Byzantine Emperors and the Church Lombards invade Italy in 700’s A.D. Heavily involved in church affairs. Byzantine Emperor cannot protect Pope Appoint the Patriarch (Bishop) of Constantinople Pope turns to Franks for help / protection Majority of the people are involved in religion Dispute over Icons (Images) Images = God, Jesus, Saints Bible = Do not worship Images vs. Icons = Symbols of God & Saints Iconoclast (“Image Breaker”) Controversy (726 A.D.) Emperor Leo III – Removal of Icons from churches Frankish kings come to Italy – Subdue Lombards – Crown Charlemagne Pope Gregory II – Supported the use of Icons in churches Emperor Conflict between east and west Difference increase politically and spiritually Council of Nicaea 787 A.D. – icons were allowed – no statues. 29 30 Byzantine Economy  Trade / Crossroads / Central location  River networks / Seaways  Northern goods – furs / wood products Great Schism (Split) – 1054  Eastern goods – spices / silks / precious goods  Silk Industry develops in Constantinople  Eastern Catholic (Orthodox / Greek) Church splits from Western (Roman / Latin) Church Education  No longer recognizes  Universities develop 850 A.D. authority of the Pope  Study for church and government jobs  Religious and classical subjects  Preserve ancient works of the early Greeks and Romans 31 32 8

2/14/2020 St. Simon Stylites the Elder – 390 - 459 A.D. Monasteries (39 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) Monastery in Syria St. Simon Stylites the Younger – 521 - 597 A.D. St Catherine’s Monastery (68 years on a platform at the top of a pillar) (Begun 527A.D.) Monastery in Antakya, Turkey One of the World’s earliest – Mt. Sinai, Egypt • Seek Isolation from the world • Get closer to God • Preserve Knowledge • Influence development of Western monasticism • Illuminated Manuscripts 33 34 Major Events Hasten the Decline of the Byzantine Empire Spread of Christianity • Islamic Arab attacks beginning 630’s A.D. • Norman Seizure of Southern Italy – 1071 • Battle of Manzikert – 1071 Missionaries Byzantines vs. Seljuk Turks Byzantine Army decisively defeated • St. Cyril & St. Methodius • Capture of Constantinople – 1204 – 4 th Crusade • Apostles to the Slavs • Venetians – Trade Rivals • Latin Kingdom (1204 – 1261) • Cyrillic Alphabet Development of monasticism • Mono = One/Alone 35 36 36 9

2/14/2020 Seljuk leader Alp Arslan captures the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV Seljuk Turks Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I were brought before you as a prisoner?"  From area north of Turkey, Romanus: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople."  Aral & Caspian Seas Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free."  Enter service of the Abbasid Caliphs  Begin to encroach on Byzantines in the east  Nomadic horse archers 37 38 38 Ottoman Turks -- 1453 39 40 10