10/2/2017 Chapter Three Kingdoms and Empires in the Middle East 1 Biblical References? Historic References? Trading Empires of the Ancient Middle East Aramaeans • Damascus us, Syria • Rich h Overland nd Trade • Aramaic Langua uage Langua uage e of Busines ness of the e Ancient Middle East 3 1
10/2/2017 Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean) • Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan • Canaanites of the Bible • Rich Overseas Trade 4 6 2
10/2/2017 Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean) • Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan • Canaanites of the Bible • Rich Overseas Trade • Loose confederation of City States • Tyre (most influential), Sidon Byblos • Colonies throughout the Mediterranean • Carthage – greatest colony • Overshadow s Tyre 7 8 9 3
10/2/2017 Phoenicians (Merchants of the Mediterranean) • Modern Lebanon, Israel, Jordan • Canaanites of the Bible • Rich Overseas Trade • Loose confederation of City States • Tyre (most influential), Sidon Byblos • Colonies throughout the Mediterranean • Carthage – greatest colony • Overshadow s Tyre • Excellent sailors • Maritime technology • Exchange of goods and products (bartering) • Business practices • Alphabet (See Next Slide) 10 Evolution of the Phoenician Alphabet 11 12 4
10/2/2017 What is going on? Note the products! The Color Purple! 13 The Lydian's • Western Asia Minor • Modern Turkey • Gold Deposits • Midas ? • Develop a regional trade center • Sardis • Introduce concept of money • Coinage -- Stater • Set values for goods • King Croesus 14 15 5
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10/2/2017 Ancient Land of the Israelites Land of Canaan Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism • Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey” • Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites • Migration to Egypt • 12 Tribes • Moses 19 Land of Canaan Abraham – Yahweh – Judaism • Settle in the area of Canaan – “Land of Milk and Honey” • Share with Philistines & Phoenicians – early Canaanites • Migration to Egypt • 12 Tribes • Moses • Exodus / Return to Canaan • Lack of Unity - Judges • Fight among the Canaanites for control of area • Establishment of Kingdom • Saul – Unites Israel • David – Jerusalem • Solomon – Temple 20 The Temple at the Time of Solomon 21 7
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10/2/2017 Ancient Land of the Israelites • Establishment of Kingdom • Saul – Unites Israel • David – Jerusalem • Solomon – Temple • Breakup of the Kingdom • 10 Tribes / North = Israel • 2 Tribes / South = Judah (Jerusalem) King David’s Palace 25 26 27 9
10/2/2017 Invasion from the North Assyrians – 722 BC • Sennacherib • Nineveh • Israel – Ten Tribes of the North are conquered • Lost Tribes of Israel ? Chaldeans – 586 BC (Neo-Babylonians) • Nebuchadnezzar • Judah – Two tribes to the South are conquered • Babylonian Captivity • The Jewish culture is organized 28 Babylon 586 BC Babylon Today 29 Persian Empire Begins Cyrus II • Conquers Babylon Releases the Jews to return to Judea / Israel • Diaspora Torah is created • 1 st Five Books of the Bible Jews rebuild the Temple Lasting Legacy • Christianity • Islam 30 10
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10/2/2017 34 35 Hittites Asia Minor • Modern Turkey • Anatolia Plateau Well Organized Kingdom • Regional “Superpower” • Clay Tablets • Iron Weapons • Three Man Chariots Society included elements from • Mesopotamia • Egypt • Less harsh legal system 36 12
10/2/2017 The Hittite Empire Ancient Turkey Modern Turkey 37 Hattusas The Hittite Capital City 38 Hittite Capital at Hattusas 39 13
10/2/2017 Hittite Capital at Hattusas 40 41 The Assyrians -- Nineveh 42 14
10/2/2017 Assyrians Northern Mesopotamia • Nineveh – Capital City • Tigris River Build powerful kingdom 900 BC Army – Dominant power • Foot Soldiers • Chariots • Cavalry Harsh Overlords Well Organized Empire • Provinces – Governors – Road Networks • Clay Tablet Library -- 22,000 discovered! King Sennacherib – Bible (Old Testament) 43 44 Ancient Middle East Exhibit British Museum London, England 45 15
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10/2/2017 Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians) Successors to the Mesopotamian Empires Last of the Mesopotamian Empires Capital City – Babylon Nebuchadnezzar • Hanging Gardens • Kingdom of Judah – 586 BC • Babylonian Exile Fall to the Persians – 539 BC Cyrus II Builds huge empire to the east Moves to west capturing nations Allows Jews to return to Judea (Biblical Account!) 49 50 51 17
10/2/2017 52 53 Persian Empire Cyrus II • Defeats Chaldeans • Builds huge empire • Egypt in west to India in the east Darius I • Well organized – good administrator • Provinces – governors – “Satraps” • Inspectors • Four Capital Cities • Persepolis , Susa, Babylon, Sardis • Royal Road • Dispatch riders • “Neither rain nor snow nor gloom of night stays these couriers from their appointed rounds.” 54 18
10/2/2017 Tomb of Cyrus the Great Pasargadae, Iran Built in the shape of a Ziggurat! 55 Darius I – Vainglorious Imagery 56 57 19
10/2/2017 Persepolis Capital of the Persian Empire 58 Gate of All Lands Entry Way to the Palace 59 Entry way to the Great Hall for the Audience with the King 60 20
10/2/2017 King’s Audience Hall 65’ in Height 61 Darius I and the Greeks • Persian disaster • 490 BC • 480 BC (Xerxes) Persian Culture • Conquered peoples retained their own cultures • Tolerant rulers (Jews return to homeland) 62 Persian Religion • Zoroaster (Greek name) • Good vs. Evil • Final Judgment • Impact on Christianity ? • Impact on Islam ? • Impact on Judaism ? • Today, Approximately 4 million Iranians are Zoroastrians • Live in south-east Iran • Some live in India – Known as the “Parsees” 63 21
10/2/2017 Naqsh-I Rustam Home of the Sacred (Near Persepolis) Perpetual Flame 64 22
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