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WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment i-STUTE cooling based - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 23, 2023 •27 likes •527 views

WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment i-STUTE cooling based projects Cost of ownership WP2.1. and WP2.2 Supermarket refrigeration Judith Evans, Alan Foster and Deborah Andrews Carbon/ Integration energy WP2.3 . Data centres

  1. WPs 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 Graeme Maidment

  2. i-STUTE cooling based projects Cost of ownership WP2.1. and WP2.2 Supermarket refrigeration – Judith Evans, Alan Foster and Deborah Andrews Carbon/ Integration energy WP2.3 . Data centres – Gareth Davies WP2.4. Transport refrigeration – Christina Francis, Gareth Davies, Judith Evans Materials, resources and Graeme Maidment & waste WP2.5. Integrated heating and cooling – Akos Revesz, Issa Chaer and Graeme Maidment

  3. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing [1st Wave, Graeme Maidment, LSBU] Rationale: • UK Supermarkets are large energy users /carbon producers & consume 3% of UK energy and 7.3 MT CO 2 . • At least 40 % of a energy is used directly for cooling, mainly refrigerated display cabinets (RDCs), • A further 25% is used for heating, of which 1/3 offsets cooling losses from RDCs. Carbon Reduction Potential: 4.8MT CO 2 pa UK. Investigations consider cradle to grave, remanufacture/ recycling, reducing embodied carbon impact. Pathway to impact: with Asda, Sainsburys, The Coop and Bond Retail Display and will consider form and ergonomics, user requirements, readiness, etc.

  4. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • WP2.1.1 – Technologies will be initially investigated and sifted • WP2.1.2 – In parallel with WP2.1 technologies will be investigated experimentally and a physical proof of concept and a prototype will be developed • WP2.1.3 – Non technical barriers preventing uptake of new technologies, such as customer reaction, implementation, cost-benefit models, end user (supermarket) incentives will be assessed • WP2.1.4 – The final part of this work package will involve a trial of the prototype in-store with ASDA

  5. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • 77 technologies evaluated (some discarded) • 58 technologies written up • Currently 108 page report • Some still being updated • Some additional new technologies being added (~8) • Supermarket model developed • Still need some information from ASDA

  6. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • Store modelled • ASDA Weston-Super-Mare • Reasonably typical large supermarket • Used a representative store • Model can be adapted to different store sizes and configurations

  7. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Store general Size (m 2 ) 6290 (74 x 85 m) (total store) Store temperature (°C), RH (%) 19-24, no RH control Store heating Gas Store cooling Air conditioning, make up air. Store pressurised Cabinets Length of chilled cabinets (m) 179.2 Length of frozen cabinets (m) 68.3 Cabinet lighting Fluorescent (T5 and T8), no LED Controls for cabinet lighting MT/HT fridges lights reduced to 30% (10 pm to 8 am). LT always on full Cabinet fan motors EC fans ASH Only on frozen cabinets, controlled by humidistat (full on when humidity is > 60%, off when humidity is < 20%, modulates in between) Shelf risers Standard on chilled – however, not all cabinets have them fitted Defrosts Freezers 2/day Chilled (off cycle ) 4/day Terminate on temp (max and min time) Monitoring system RDM

  8. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Refrigeration plants Refrigerant plant Mix of packs and condenser units Condensers Air cooled Condenser fan motors Replacing SP (30%) with EC motors (70%) Suction-liquid heat exchange None Floating head pressure control Head pressure controlled to 10.5 barg (however, head pressure rises above this in summer) Water spray used for 1-2 weeks /year when operating above design conditions Suction pressure control LT 0.7 barg HT 3.5 barg No floating suction control Liquid pressure amplification None Pipe insulation Insulated Pressure drops Minimised in design Refrigerant R404A (packs), R407A (chilled condensing units) Refrigerant charge (kg) Refrigerant leakage (kg/year) 59.4 Causes of leakage Compressor change Lots of pipework leaks Leak on condensing unit Liquid line fracture

  9. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Item kW Compressor 164.72 Condenser fan 15.51 Evaporator fan 9.49 Defrost heater 7.29 Trim heater (not glass) 22.66 Trim heater glass 22.66 Light 4.69 Total 247.01

  10. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing

  11. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Cabinet types Total length (m) LT remote FGD 14.63 HGD/well 53.64 TOTAL 68.28 MT remote Roll-in 48.77 Multi-deck 130.45 TOTAL 179.22 LT integrals HGD 0.91 MT integrals Multi-deck 24.87 FGD 5.00 TOTAL 35.66 Hot food 4.88 TOTAL ALL 283.16

  12. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing Quality of information 5 independent peer review papers in general agreement = 5* 3 independent peer review papers in general agreement =4* General agreement between Independent reports or 1 peer reviewed publication=3* General agreement between Web based and sales literature =2* Personal communication only = 1* Barriers to H=major barrier M=partial barrier L=no barrier staff/customers Availability barriers H=prototype/demonstrator only M=limited availability L=available Limits to commercial H=lack of maturity M=intermediate L=mature maturity Ease of use of H=major issues M=partial L=simple installation Technology H=high (i.e., interaction) M=some L=none independence Maintainability H=major issue M=some problems L=no issues Legislative concerns H=major (issue now) M=issue in near future L=no impact Energy savings % or actual savings Scope of application Range of applications Direct emissions % emissions from technology Cost (payback) Cost of technology, ROI (time)

  13. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing >10% saving in refrigeration energy

  14. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing >10% saving in refrigeration energy

  15. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing >10% saving in refrigeration energy

  16. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing >10% saving in refrigeration energy

  17. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • Need to add direct effects (waiting information from ASDA) • Leakage estimated at ~20%/year, therefore reduction strategies will have large impact on CO 2e emissions • Add additional technologies • Some technologies limited information and so attempting to find additional information

  18. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • Prototype cabinet – technologies that can be considered: – Doors – Night blinds/covers – Strip curtains – Fans – Loading mechanisms – Air deflectors – Evaporator design – Evaporator rifling – Air flow design (inc. short air curtains) – Floating head pressure (plant) • Not all technologies will be acceptable

  19. WP 2.1 Retail chilling and freezing • Several technologies not as beneficial as envisaged (or already applied by ASDA): – Lighting (LEDs) – Lighting controls – Radiant reflectors – SLHE – Risers and weir plates – Cabinet temperature control – Store temperature control – Refrigerants (plant) – may show more benefit when direct emissions included – Evaporative condensers (plant) – Inverters (plant) – Suction pressure control (plant) – Secondary systems (plant)

  20. WP2.2 Retail chilling and freezing [Potential 2 nd Wave project] Rationale : WP2.1 will be extended into a 2 nd Wave project Air curtain – 1C investigating more fundamental concepts of retail display and their applicability in the longer term. 30 mm Challenge: to challenge the concept of the retail display Air flow cabinet, specifically from a fundamental aesthetic, ergonomic and energy use perspectives. Objectives/ Deliverables: To deliver a new concept in RDC that has 1/10 of the existing energy consumption Carbon Impact potential: 12 million tonnes of carbon in energy alone Pathway to impact: as for WP2.1

  21. Dissemination • Keynote for ICEF12 (Quebec) • Abstract for IRC in Yokohama accepted • Peer reviewed paper on technological options (probably IJR)

  22. WP2.3 - Data Centre Cooling Background • Data centres currently account for approx. 2-3% of total electricity consumption in the UK • Typically, approx. 50% of data centre energy is used for cooling and humidification • Currently, the main method used is to circulate chilled, humidified air between the server racks. Typically use a raised floor and hot aisle/cold aisle arrangement. • Limited focus on heat recovery Deliverables • Roadmap/report on cooling • Detailed investigation - integrated cooling, heat recovery and heat transfer. 22

  23. Project Plan • Phase 1 (July 2013 – Oct 2014) – Development of roadmap – review of data centre cooling technologies. Energy/ carbon saving opportunities Tasks: (1) Review of cooling methods currently used in data centre industry (2) Evaluate options for reducing energy used and carbon emissions (3) Future trends in data centre cooling (4) Identify technologies for detailed study/development in second phase of project (5) Report/Review/Roadmap • Phase 2 (Aug 2014 – Sep 2016) – Detailed study of selected technologies Proposed project plan to be presented below 23

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