Wong K. Snidvongs (3) Vorawit Meesuk (1) , Amnart Bali (2) & (1) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

International Symposium on Grid Computing March 2010 Environmental Monitoring & Disaster Mitigation Lessons learned in Thailand from 2004 tsunami Wong K. Snidvongs (3) Vorawit Meesuk (1) , Amnart Bali (2) & (1) Vorawit Meesuk, Head of Environment Observation and Telemetry Section, HAII (2) Amnart Bali MD, Director, Department of Public Health and Disaster Relief, Thai Red Cross (3) Wong K. Snidvongs MD, Member, Executive Board of Directors, HAII 1

Contents 1. Background information on quakes and tsunamis. 2. Tsunami’s strength and damages caused. 3. Events during 26 December 2004 tsunami. 4. Damages and losses. 5. Monitoring systems, disaster preparedness and mitigation at the time and at end of 2009. 2

1. Background information on quakes and tsunamis  Tsunami (harbor wave in Japanese) = seismic wave  Quakes > 7.1 from movements of continental and oceanic plates, 77% in the ‘Ring of Fire’ area.  Under ocean volcanic eruptions, subsidence of volcanic craters, waves as high as 40 meters.  Underwater or coastal land subsidences.  Nuclear tests, land subsides or dam bursts.  Meteorite hits in an ocean causing quakes.  Strong vertical separations of earth crusts force vast amount of sea water to move up generating energy. 3

Global Tsunami Distribution NGDC/WDC Historical Tsunami Database contains: 1700 Tsunami Source Events • – 77% Pacific Ocean, 7% Mediterranean Sea, 5% Indian Ocean (includes Malaysia and part of Indonesia), 5% Caribbean Sea, 3% Atlantic Ocean, 3% Red Sea and Black Sea 9200 Tsunami Runup Locations • – 84% Pacific Ocean, 8% Indian Ocean (includes Malaysia and part of Indonesia), 2% Atlantic Ocean, 3% Caribbean Sea, 2% Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Black Sea <1% Tsunami Source Distribution • – 81% Earthquakes (includes earthquake-generated landslides), 10% unknown, 5% Volcanoes, 3% Landslides, 1% combination Percentages are a result of the hazard and intensive reconnaissance • studies Events Generating Tsunami Tsunami Runup Locations Courtesy of Paula Dunbar, 2007 4 Christa G. von Hillebrandt-Andrade Puerto Rico Seismic Network, UPRM with major contributions from Paula Dunbar National Oceanic and tmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) World Data Center for Solid Earth Geophysics - Tsunamis Paula.Dunbar@noaa.gov

2. Tsunami’s strength and damages caused  Sea depths at source events, wave heights, coastal profiles, ‘drag down effect’ sea receding up to 1 km.  In deep sea, tsunami waves only 0.3-0.6 meters high, with crests intervals of 10-120 minutes and >500 km. length of waves.  Narrow coastal inlets mean taller waves &vice versa  Shallow coastal water reduces waves velocity.  Coral reefs, beach gradients, distance from quake  All contribute to speed and severity of devastation. 5

Past tsunamis 1900- 2004 (before 26 December) • 1900 -1989, 946 occurred and 120 (14.5%) caused widespread destruction and heavy loss of lives. • Approx. no.of deaths due to Asia Pacific tsunamis: – 40,000 in South China Sea area in 1782 – 200,000 in Indian Bengal coast in 1876 – 36,500 from Krakatau eruption in 1883 – 26,400 on Japanese Honshu Island in 1933 – 1,997 in Nankaido, Japan in 1944 – 8,000 in Moro Bay, Philippines in 1974 – 2,182 in Papua New Guinea in 1994 6

Largest earthquakes, 1900 - 2004 Location Date UTC Magnitude Coordinates 1. Chile 1960 05 22 9.5 38.24 S 73.05 W 2. Prince William Sound, Alaska 1964 03 28 9.2 61.02 N 147.65 W 3. Andreanof Islands, Alaska 1957 03 09 9.1 51.56 N 175.39 W 4. Kamchatka 1952 11 04 9.0 52.76 N 160.06 E 5. Off the West Coast of 2004 12 26 9.0 3.30 N 95.78 E Northern Sumatra 6. Off the Coast of Ecuador 1906 01 31 8.8 1.0 N 81.5 W 7. Rat Islands, Alaska 1965 02 04 8.7 51.21 N 178.50 E 8. Assam - Tibet 1950 08 15 8.6 28.5 N 96.5 E 9. Kamchatka 1923 02 03 8.5 54.0 N 161.0 E 10. Banda Sea, Indonesia 1938 02 01 8.5 5.05 S 131.62 E 11. Kuril Islands 1963 10 13 8.5 44.9 N 149.6 E USGS The M9.0 Andaman Islands-Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004 L. Braile, Purdue University 7 braile@purdue.edu, www.eas.purdue.edu/~braile

3. Events during 26 December 2004 tsunami Quakes at 3.298 degree north and • 95.778 degree east N/W of Sumatra Island, Indonesia at depth of 30 km. Quakes’ centre 580 km. from Phuket on • Thai Andaman coast and 1,260 km. from Bangkok, severity of 9.3 occurring at 6.58 am. Local time. Quakes caused by collision of Indian • and Myanmar plates over Sunda Trench near the Australian plate. Vertical subsidence of ocean floor • occurred causing a crack 1,200 km. long parallel to the Sunda Trench from NW Sumatra Island reaching north to the Andaman group of Islands. 8

2 nd largest of the world tsunamigenic earthquakes record in historical time USGS ผลกระทบทางธรณีวิทยาและกายภาพจากสึนามิ เมื่อวันที่ 26 ธันวาคม 2547 Chulalongkorn Tsunami Research Team, Department of Geology, 9 Faculty of Science, 28-29 July 2005

Sequence of events in affected area of Thailand Thailand’s time (GMT+7) • 7.58 am.- Quakes N/W of Sumatra Island • 9.35 am.- ‘drag down’ effect seen in Phuket and Pangnga • water receding for 100 meters from shoreline. • 9.40 am.- 2-3 meters high waves arrived • 9.45 am.- 6-7 meters high waves arrived • 10.05 am-.>10 meters high waves hit for 20 minutes • 10.25 am.-> 5 meters high waves caused 1 hour flooding • 12 noon - sea level back to normal 10

4 .Damages and losses on Thailand’s Andaman coast  Six provinces affected, damages in 407 villages, 12,000 families and 58,550 people suffered, died, or missing.  No. of deaths 5,395, missing 2,817, injured 8,457  Financial losses from business and earning disruption approx. 15 billion baht (35 baht = 1 US dollar)  Damages to public facilities = 1.058 billion baht 11

Runup Time http://ww Sunday 26 December 2004 (GMT) 00.57 - 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurs on the seafloor near Ache in northern Sumatra 01.10 - Wave hit Sumatra coast (10-15 min.) Clock on Mosque, Banda Ache stops at 08.20 local time 02.30 - Sri lanka was hit by wave (report at 8.30 local time) 02.45 - Phuket, Coast of Thailand: The sea retracts before a big wave around 10.00 a.m. local time. Indian’s eastern Coastline: 04.00 - Male, Maldives: about 9.00 a.m. the capital of Male and other parts were flooded. 09.45 (12.45 local time) Tsunami hits Dar es Salam, Tanzania, East Africa. NOAA Proposal for cooperation with countries surrounding the South China Sea in issues of earthquake monitoring and tsunami warning Bor-Shouh Huang, Chun-Chi 12 Liu, Yue-Gau Chen, Wen-Tzong Liang and Wen-Gee Huang The 2004 Sumatra tsunami : Deaths and damages to buildings at the Kamala beach, Phuket, Thailand, Srivichai,S., Chidtong, Y., Supratid, S., and Shuto, N.

Sea Surface Height From Space 12/26/04 US/France Jason Sea Surface Height Courtesy of NASA 13 EARTHQUAKES & TSUNAMIS Frequently Asked Questions & 12/2004 Asian Event Ellen Prager, PhD StormCenter Communications, Inc.

Tsunami heights measured @ Andaman Sea Coast, Thailand. The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge Records Yoshinobu Tsuji1, Yuichi 14 Namegaya1, Hiroyuki Matsumoto2, Sin-Iti Iwasaki3, Wattana Kanbua4, Mongkonkorn Sriwichai5, and Vorawit Meesuk6

Some recent Tsunami 1992-2001 Date UTC Magnitude Max Ht Killed Location Comments 1992 09 02 7.2 10 m 170 Nicaragua Measured Pacific-wide 1992 12 12 7.5 26 m 1000 Flores Island 1993 07 12 7.6 30 m 200 Hokkaido 1994 06 02 7.2 14 m 220 Java 1994 10 04 8.1 11 m 11 Kuril Islands Measured Pacific-wide 1994 11 14 7.1 7 m 70 Mindoro 1996 02 21 7.5 5 m 12 Peru 1998 07 17 7.0 15 m 2000 New Guinea 2001 06 23 8.3 5 m 50 Peru Measured Pacific-wide NOAA The M9.0 Andaman Islands-Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami of 26 December 2004 L. Braile, Purdue University 15 braile@purdue.edu, www.eas.purdue.edu/~braile

Recent Tsunami Events 2004-2007 Date Location Magnitude Early Warning? Fatalities 26 Dec 2004 Sumatra 9.2 No Tsunami death~230,000 28 Mar 2005 Nias Island 8.7 Panic evacuation Evacuation killed ~100 19 July 2005 North California 7.7 False alarm No tsunami 27 Jan 2006 Benda Sea 7.6 ? No tsunami 3 May 2006 Tonga 8.0 False Alarm No tsunami 19 July 2006 South Java 7.7 No Tsunami death~730 15 Nov 2006 Kuril Islands 8.3 False alarm/alert Small tsunami 13 Jan 2007 Kuril Islands 8.1 False alarm/alert No tsunami 1 Apr 2007 Solomon Island 8.0 No Tsunami death~54 15 Aug 2007 Central Peru 8.0 Alert No tsunami 12 Sep 2007 South Sumatra 8.4 Alert No tsunami Conclusion: Earthquake magnitude does not determine tsunami impact. GPS Requirements for Tsunami Detection Y. Tony Song & Geoff Blewitt

5 . Monitoring systems, disaster preparedness and mitigation at the time and at end of 2009 Tools: Seismic Station • Broadband Seismic Stations, Taiwan • THAILAND Seismic Network 17

18 18 Strong Motion Array TSMIP: Taiwan Strong-motion Instrumentation Program Free-field strong-motion station: 708

THAILAND SEISMIC NETWORK, TMD 19 กรมอุตุนิยมวิทยา