with the same thinking that created them -- Albert Einstein ENERGY - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

We can not solve the problems that we have created with the same thinking that created them -- Albert Einstein ENERGY ACCESS AND CLIMATE CHANGE: A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVE B. Sudhakara Reddy Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai, India

Energy and Development - India In India 450 million people have no access to electricity and an additional 500 million people have access to unreliable electricity 780 million people cook using traditional fuels Reasons (i) Accessibility (ii) Affordability Result Loss of natural resources Prohibits economic opportunities and growth Social inequity between gender, groups and regions Degrades environment: local, national, and global

Revisiting facts and Figures Indian Energy Growth Trajectories- Sector-wise (%) 1950 2010 Residential 70 38 Industry 18 32 Transport 5 11 Services/Others 7 19 Total 85 720 (MTOE)

Household Energy (% shares) 1950 2010 Bio-fuels 97.1 67.2 Kerosene 1.8 2.7 LPG/Electricity 27.2 Others/No cooking 1.0 2.9 Total households 57 251 (million)

Energy Accessibility Indicators - Cooking Share of HH Current having access level of Population Households to LPG/Biogas access Target Region Category (million) (million) (%) (%) (million) Mega (more than 10 Urban million) cities 53 10.6 90 Metros (5–10 million) 32 6.4 85 Other cities (0.5–5 million) 101 20.2 75 Small towns (less than 0.5 million) 191 38.2 50 Total 375 84 65 29 Rural 835 167 11 11.0 148

Energy Accessibility indicators - lighting Village electrification Households electrification Villages % Households Electrified Year electrified share CAGR (%) (million) (%) CAGR (%) 1947 1500 0.28 1951 3061 0.57 8.2 61 0.02 1961 21750 4.03 24.34 68 1.5 1.2 1971 106931 19.81 19.36 78 5.1 1.5 1981 273906 50.75 11.02 92 14.7 1.9 1991 474982 88.00 6.31 114 30.5 2.4 2001 481124 89.14 0.14 137 43.5 2.1 2011 493240 91.38 0.28 167 55.0 2.2

Energy affordability indicators % share of HH using various fuels Region/Energy Carriers Poor Non-poor Total Rural Solid 93.5 66.4 75.1 Liquid 3.7 11.5 8.9 Gas/Elec. 1.1 21.3 14.7 No cooking 1.7 0.8 1.1 Total households (million) 52 110 167 Urban Solid 85.5 32.3 47.5 Liquid 6.7 4.5 5.1 Gas/Elec. 4.5 62.1 45.7 No cooking 3.3 1.1 1.7 Total households (million) 25 59 84

Economic losses Item Losses/year Productive time for adults (billion Hrs) 110 Productive time for children (billion Hrs) 78 Resources 3.7 – Kerosene/Petro. products imports (billion US$) Forests/plantation (million hectares ) 3.0 – Health – working days lost (billion Hrs) 1.02 Education – loss of hours (billion Hrs) 78 Pollution (Mt of CO 2 ) 694

The new business model (Entrepreneurship-based) Each household’s BASIC ENERGY REQUIREMENT is comprised of – Light - four to five hours per day – Fan – six to eight hours a day – power point supplying electricity - power a TV or charge cell phone – Efficient cooking services – Cooking – Gasseous fuels In rural and per-urban areas a community biogas digester can supply cooking energy services. – Lighting: Electric power Hilly regions/Dispersed population – off grid Village not electrified - De-centralised renewable source Village electrified-HH not electrified – National Grid

Costs Lighting Cooking Rural Urban Total HH 74 167 84 251 Total No of HH (million) Demand (MW) 7772 148 8 156 HH deprived (million) Capacity cost (000 s/KW) 60 - 80 5000 8000 Cost of biogas (per m 3 ) plant (Rs.) T & D cost (000 Rs./KW) 10 - 35 1 1 1 Requirement of gas per HH (m 3 ) Cost/village (Rs. million) 0.9 to 1.4 743 67 810 Total installation cost (billion Rs.) Total cost (Rs. billion) 817 25 15 25 Piping requirement (m) per HH Street lighting 5.4 60000 60000 60000 Piping cost per km (Rs.) Grand total 823 166 11 176 Piping cost (Rs. billion) 965 75 1040 Total cost (Rs. billion)

Benefits through modern energy services (USD/HH/month) Benefits Per HH/Total Time saved for household chores/increased leisure 5.5 Productivity/Home business Existing 3.2 New 2.3 Lighting 10.3 TV 7.5 Education 6.2 Improved health 0.02 Reduced fertility 0.08 Energy savings (GJ/annum) 8.0 Carbon savings (Total HH/year 43.0

The Implementation What “they” can do and what “I” can do?

Aligning the Actors Energy Security Climate Security UNFCCC Importing & Exporting Countries State Developed Economies Utilities & Suppliers Policymakers Foreign Industries CDM Projects & Tech R&D Technology Transfer Equip. Manf. (EERT Agencies) Carbon Trading Local Service Financial Inst. Companies Providers NGOs Consumers Domestic Industries Academia