Why phonetic transcription? Global phonetic diversity Inconsistent - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Why phonetic transcription? Global phonetic diversity • Inconsistent orthography within languages... ( cough, ghost ) Cơ sở âm vị học và ngữ âm học • ...across dialects... ( dán, rán, gián ) • ...and across languages... ( ax, xôi ) Lecture 3 Solution: the IPA IPA Resources • http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm • http://home.cc/umanitoba.ca/%7Ekrussl/ 138/practice/prelim.htm • http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/ flash/flashin.htm • http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/ phonetics/sammy.html

Phân loại phụ âm Phân loại phụ âm • Place of articulation ( vị trí cấu âm ): • Airstream : pulmonic/non-pulmonic location of constriction (labial, coronal, dorsal...) • Direction of airflow : ingressive/egressive • Manner of articulation ( phương thức cấu âm ): • Path of airflow : oral/lateral type of constriction (stop, fricative, lateral...) • Position of velum : raised/lowered • State of the glottis (voiced/voiceless) Phân loại phụ âm Place of articulation: Labial (đôi môi) • Nguồn luồng khí : pulmonic/non-pulmonic • Hướng luồng khí : đi vào/đi ra • Đường luồng khí : ở miệng/ở bên • Position of velum : cao/thấp Bilabial: upper and low lips ( m at) Labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth ( f at)

Place of articulation: Coronal ( lưỡi trước ) Place of articulation: Coronal ( lưỡi trước ) (Inter)dental: tongue tip and (Post)alveolar: tongue blade and back of Alveolar: tongue tip and alveolar Palatal: front of tongue and hard palate upper teeth ( th e) ridge ( t ap) alveolar ridge/front of palate ( sh eep) (i ch ) Place of articulation: Coronal ( lưỡi trước ) Place of articulation: Dorsal ( lưỡi giữa ) Velar: back of tongue Uvular: tongue root & Pharyngeal: tongue against velum ( c at) uvula (French r oue Retroflex: tongue tip (curled back) and back of alveolar root and pharyngeal ridge or front of palate ( r ed [ ô Ed )] [ K u] ‘wheel’ wall (Arabic ) [ Q aalam] ‘world’

Manner of articulation Obstruents I: Stops ( âm tắc ) English initial stops • Obstruents include stops, fricatives, and affricates bilabial: [p] [b] pat bat • All involve an obstruction of airflow resulting in increased supralaryngeal vocal tract pressure • Sonorants include vowels, nasals, and liquids alveolar: [t] [d] tin din • These sounds are produced with an unobstructed vocal tract, i.e. w/out turbulent airflow velar: [k] [g] cap gap Obstruents I: Stops ( âm tắc ) Obstruents I: Stops ( âm tắc ) Aleut (Eskimo-Aleut) Hungarian (Finno-Ugric)

How are stops produced? Voice onset time • Phase 1: Closure ◮ Articulators are brought together so that air is trapped in the oral cavity. • Phase 2: Release ◮ Articulators are pulled apart quickly, and the pressurized air escapes with a puff. • A further parameter of variation: duration of aspiration ( bật hơi ), the time after release before resumption of voicing (VOT) VOT in English and Spanish VOT in Thai

Final VOT in Armenian VOT in Hindi 5 place and 4 manners! Obstruents II: Fricatives ( âm xát ) Obstruents II: Fricatives ( âm xát ) Toda (Dravidian, S. India) English Labiodental [f] [v] fine vine Dental [ T ] [ D ] thigh thy Alveolar [s] [z] sip zip shape beige Post-alveolar [ S ] [ Z ] Glottal [h] heat

Sonorants I: Nasals ( âm mũi ) Sonorants I: Nasals ( âm mũi ) • Produced with a lowered velum • Produced with a lowered velum • English has nasals at three places of articulation: • English has nasals at three places of articulation: bilabial mat [m] mat [m] alveolar gnat [n] gnat [n] velar sang [N] sang [N] • Distribution of [N] (engma) restricted to final position Sonorants I: Nasals ( âm mũi ) Sonorants I: Nasals ( âm mũi ) • Vietnamese has nasals at four places of articulation: • Vietnamese has nasals at four places of articulation: móm bilabial móm [m] [m] nón nón alveolar [n] [n] nhóm palatal nhóm [ñ] [ñ] ngon velar ngon [N] [N] • Phân bố là thế nào? • Phân bố là thế nào?

Sonorants I: Nasals ( âm mũi ) Sonorants II: Approximants ( tiếp cận ) English Malayalam (Dravidian, S. India) lateral [ l ] lake post-alveolar/retroflex [ ô ] red palatal [ j ] year voiced labiovelar [ w ] worry whine (cf. wine ) voiceless labiovelar [ û ] ([w j] cũng tên là bán nguyên âm ) Airstream mechanisms Clicks ( mút ) • Velaric ingressive sounds • Can be voiced, voiceless, nasal, oral... • Common in African languages (esp. Bantu) but not found elsewhere?

How To Make A Click X-ray of a click From Ladefoged (2001) Clicks in !Xóõ (Taa) Glottalic airstream mechanisms • Khoisan language of Southern Africa • At least 58 consonants, 31 vowels, 4 tones • Air is trapped between glottis and a supralaryngeal constriction • Glottalic egressives are ejectives ( âm tống ra ) • Glottalic ingressives are implosives ( âm kép )

How To Make An Ejective Ejectives in Quechua From Ladefoged (2001) How To Make An Implosive Implosives in Sindhi • Larynx is raised • P 0 is decreased so when constriction is released, air rushes in • Voicing is produced as larynx is lowered, pushing against vocal folds.

Summary of airstream mechanisms Vowels ( luồng khí ) ( đi ra ) ( âm tắc ) ( âm tống ra ) ( đi vào ) ( âm khép ) ( mút ) Rounding and Nasalisation in French Rounding and Nasalisation in French lit (avoir) lu loup li ly lu ‘bed’ ‘read (p.p.)’ ‘wolf’ ‘bed’ ‘read (p.p.)’ ‘wolf’ les le lot long le lø lo l˜ o ‘the (pl.)’ ‘the (m. sg.)’ ‘prize’ ‘long’ ‘the (pl.)’ ‘the (m. sg.)’ ‘prize’ ‘long’ laid leur lin lundi lE lŒK l˜ E l˜ Œdi ‘ugly’ ‘their’ ‘flax’ ‘Monday’ ‘ugly’ ‘their’ ‘flax’ ‘Monday’ là las lent la lA l˜ a ‘there’ ‘tired’ ‘slow’ ‘there’ ‘tired’ ‘slow’

Back unrounded vowels in Vietnamese Vowel length in Khmer ti tW t` u ‘company’ ‘fourth’ ‘prison’ te t7 to ‘numb’ ‘silk’ ‘bowl’ t´ e t5 tO ‘to fall down’ ‘we, our’ ‘large’ Geminate consonants ( phụ âm điệp ) in Polish Summary In addition to place/manner/voicing and height/backness/roundness, languages may use other pana ‘Mr.’ [ pana ] parameters to define distinctive sound categories: panna ‘young lady’ [ pan:a ] • Type of airstream ( loại luồng khí ) leki ‘medicines’ [ lEki ] • Direction of airflow ( hướng luồng khí ) lekki ‘light’ [ lEk:i ] • Path of airflow ( đường luồng khí ) za ‘of’ (prep.) [ za ] zza ‘from behind’ • Position of velum ( vị trí của lưỡi con ) [ z:a ] • Duration of constriction ( thời gian của thắt )