What sustains populations? N = (b irths d eaths ) + (i mmigration e - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

What sustains populations? N = (b irths – d eaths ) + (i mmigration – e migration ) WAMSI 1.1.3 | Ecological 1

Ecological connectivity underpins the distribution, abundance and diversity of populations Why the ocean is special The ocean provides the potential for widespread dispersal. But potential connectivity ≠ realised connectivity WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley Photo: Kimberley scene at spring low tide, Zoe Richards

Why the Kimberley is special • Vast, remote, valued • Management imperatives • Little known to science • Complex topography, powerful currents, disturbance Photo: Irvine Island at low tide, Kathryn McMahon

Ecological Connectivity of Kimberley Marine Communities WAMSI KIMBERLEY PROJECT 1.1.3 OLIVER BERRY, JIM UNDERWOOD, KATHRYN MCMAHON ZO E R I C H A R D S , M I K E T R AV E RS , G L E N N M O O R E , U D H I H E R N AWA N , J O EY D I B AT T I STA , JA M ES G I L M O U R

Approach Focal taxa Hierarchical Genomics sampling Representative Cutting edge, models Multiple scales powerful WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley Photo: Bathurst Island, Kathryn McMahon

Focal taxa Considerations • Habitat forming • Harvested • Representative of trophic levels • Representative larval/seed durations • Representative larval/seed modes

Hierarchical design Broad-scale Fine-scale WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Genomics 1. Differences in the frequencies of DNA variants accumulate under isolation. 2. Genetic variation can be partitioned among geographic locations to infer the scale and strength of genetic connectivity. 3. Inferences can be made about demographic connectivity, based on some assumptions. WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Sampling and genotyping Species Sampling sites Individuals Markers A. aspera_C 14 388 2894 I. brueggemanni 17 1093 2125 T. hemprichii 17 749 16 H. ovalis 11 407 9 T. niloticus 17 514 5428 P. milleri 28 842 4472 L. carponotatus 53 1016 4468 Total 157 5009 19474

Major findings 1 The extent of connectivity differs among species 2 Fine scale patterns: General population boundaries are shared between several taxa 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Fine scale processes: King Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal 5 Broad scale processes: Negligible cross-shelf connectivity exists between the inshore and offshore Kimberley 6 Broad scale patterns: Taxon specific connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions 7 Broad and fine scale patterns: The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific 8 Cryptic genetic lineages in the broadcast spawning coral

Major findings The extent of connectivity differs among species

Major findings “Relatedness” is detected over 20 km in Halophila ovalis seagrass 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 r r 0.100 U 0.000 L -0.100 -0.200 -0.300 -0.400 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.25 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 45 Distance Class (End Point, km)

Major findings “Relatedness” is detectable over a long distance in Miller’s damselfish 0.0025 0.002 0.0015 0.001 r 0.0005 0 -0.0005 0 to 10 0 to 20 0 to 30 0 to 40 0 to 50 0 to 60 0 to 70 0 to 80 0 to 90 0 to 100 0 to 150 0 to 200 0 to 250 0 to 300 0 to 350 0 to 400 Distance (kilometres) Collaboration with Richard Evans DPaW WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Major findings 1 Fine scale patterns: The extent of connectivity differs among species 2 Fine scale patterns: Some barriers are shared 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Fine scale processes: King Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal 5 Broad scale processes: Negligible cross-shelf connectivity exists between the inshore and offshore Kimberley 6 Broad scale patterns: Taxon specific connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions 7 Broad and fine scale patterns: The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific 8 Cryptic genetic lineages in the broadcast spawning coral

Major findings Some barriers are shared, some are not P. milleri No barrier Trochus Barrier between Isopora Sunday Islands & Buccaneer Acropora Archipelago Halophila Barrier between N & S Buccaneer Thalassia Transition zone Stripy

Major findings Stepping-stones and transition zones Coral: Acropora aspera

Major findings Stepping-stones and transition zones Seagrass: Thalassia hemprichii Bathurst Longitude Bedford S Bedford N Tide Rip Mermaid Sunday Is S Sunday Is N Bathurst Halls Pool Talon Jackson Noyon Shenton Bluff Tide Rip Longitude WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Major findings Stepping-stones and transition zones Stripey Snapper, Lutjanus carponotatus Model-based clustering analysis North - South

Major findings 1 Fine scale patterns: Spatial patterns of connectivity differ between taxa 2 Fine scale patterns: General population boundaries are shared between several taxa 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal Fine scale processes: King 5 Negligible inshore - offshore connectivity exists 6 Broad scale patterns: Taxon specific connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions 7 Broad and fine scale patterns: The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific 8 Cryptic genetic lineages in the broadcast spawning coral

Major findings Acropora Trochus Negligible inshore – offshore connectivity exists 8 days, 2011 40 days, 2010 Particle tracking courtesy Ming Feng, CSIRO

Major findings 1 Fine scale patterns: Spatial patterns of connectivity differ between taxa 2 Fine scale patterns: General population boundaries are shared between several taxa 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Fine scale processes: King Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal 5 Broad scale processes: Negligible cross-shelf connectivity exists 6 Species differ in their relationships to neighbouring between the inshore and offshore Kimberley bioregions 7 Broad and fine scale patterns: The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific 8 Cryptic genetic lineages in the broadcast spawning coral

Major findings Connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions Miller’s damselfish: bioregional Populations coloured according to principal components

Major findings WA scale: Pilbara Broad scale: WA populations distinct from distinct from Indian Ocean and Indonesia Kimberley Seagrass: Thalassia hemprichii Indonesia Kimberley Pilbara WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Major findings Connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions N. Territory Kimberley Gascoyne Pilbara Stripy snapper: semi-bioregional

Major findings 1 Fine scale patterns: Spatial patterns of connectivity differ between taxa 2 Fine scale patterns: General population boundaries are shared between several taxa 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Fine scale processes: King Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal 5 Broad scale processes: Negligible cross-shelf connectivity exists between the inshore and offshore Kimberley 6 Broad scale patterns: Taxon specific connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions 7 Species differ in the distribution of genetic diversity 8 Cryptic genetic lineages in the broadcast spawning coral

Major findings The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific A. aspera I. brueggemanni Trochus: offshore has less diversity

Major findings Seagrass: Genetic diversity declines with distance from Coral Triangle, but the Kimberley has much lower diversity 5� Seagrass: Thalassia 4.5� hemprichii 4� 3.5� richness� 3� R ² � =� 0.48502� 2.5� Allelic� 2� Kimberley 1.5� 1� 0.5� 0� 0� 500� 1000� 1500� 2000� 2500� 3000� 3500� 4000� 4500� 5000� Distance� from� Coral� Triangle� (km)� � WAMSI | Ecological Connectivity in the Kimberley

Major findings 1 Fine scale patterns: Spatial patterns of connectivity differ between taxa 2 Fine scale patterns: General population boundaries are shared between several taxa 3 Fine scale patterns: Important stepping stone locations and transition zones exist 4 Fine scale processes: King Sound, Sunday Strait and barriers to dispersal 5 Broad scale processes: Negligible cross-shelf connectivity exists between the inshore and offshore Kimberley 6 Broad scale patterns: Taxon specific connectivity between the Kimberley and neighbouring bioregions 7 Broad and fine scale patterns: The distribution of genetic diversity is taxon specific 8 Cryptic genetic lineages exist in coral

Major findings Cryptic genetic lineages in coral asp-a asp-b asp-c F ST = 0.59 asp-d