W. Indralal De Silva Senior Professor of Demography (Chair) & Head Department of Demography University of Colombo Colombo 03 Sri Lanka 1
« “A group of persons (2 or more) related through blood, adoption or marriage” “A person or group of persons that « usually living and eating together” 2
Censuses and surveys usually cover households, not merely 3 family households «
« Family is undergoing substantial change and that change has important implications - Size - Structure - Functions (responsibilities) « Family solidarity weakening 4
- Increasing age at marriage: late family formation - Change in structure: families are getting smaller - Increase of female headed households - Pressure for working age parents to support family (children & elderly) - Increase of female labour force participation 5
Average age at marriage (SMAM*) Region and Male Female country 1980s Around 1980s Around 2000 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh 23.9 24.9 16.7 18.1 India 23.4 23.9 18.7 19.3 Sri Lanka 27.9 27.9 24.4 25.3 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia 24.8 25.2 21.1 21.6 Malaysia 26.6 27.9 23.5 24.6 Thailand 24.7 25.8 22.7 23.5 6
Average household size 1970s 1980s Around 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh - 5.7 5.0 India - 5.5 5.4 Sri Lanka 5.2 4.9 4.5 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia - 4.9 4.3 Malaysia - 5.0 4.5 Thailand - 4.8 3.9 7
Percent of households headed by women Headed by women (%) 1990s Around 2000 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh 8.7 10.1 India 9.2 10.3 Sri Lanka 19.2 20.4 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia - 12.3 Malaysia - 18.5 Thailand 24.3 25.0 8
« Fertility decline « Marriage dissolution « Women’s participation in LF « Migration and urbanization « Displaced & refugees « HIV/AIDS « Attitudes 9
Decline of total fertility rate 1950-55 1975-80 2005- 2010 South Asia South Asia Bangladesh 6.7 5.6 3.0 India 6.0 4.8 2.8 Sri Lanka 5.7 3.8 1.9 South East Asia South East Asia Indonesia 5.5 4.7 2.2 Malaysia 6.8 4.2 2.6 Thailand 6.4 4.0 1.9 10
Marital unions are disrupted by - Desertion - Separation - Divorce - Death Desertion, Separation & divorce all show increasing trend 11
« Growing proportion of separations/divorces involve couples with young children « Such trend would lead to a single parenthood as in the West Fertility continues even in advanced « ages of reproductive span, widows are often left with dependent children to support 12
Impact of Migration on family « Majority of migrants for contract employment abroad are females (married) « Leave spouse & children « Adverse incidents to family members « Costly price 13
Ageing & related issues Ageing & related issues « Social insecurity « Social insecurity « After retirement majority have no « After retirement majority have no definite income definite income « Economic insecurity (bulk worked in Agri.) « Economic insecurity (bulk worked in Agri.) « Living arrangements & family care « Living arrangements & family care « Increased disability « Increased disability « Health care « Health care 14 « Hardship for the family « Hardship for the family
Why Family Solidarity Weakening . Changing family size, structure & functions . High cost of living (edu., health, food etc.) - Poverty . HIV/AIDS . Weakening mutual support: individualism . Culture . Content of formal schooling . Media etc. Families are in crisis thus demanding social services/s.w. 15
« However due to many reasons social services /s.w had become a burden on many governments in the region « Alternatively community based services are promoted « Welfare state is in a crisis « Severe cuts on social services « Could social protection strengthen families & functions 16
Social indicators in selected Asian countries - 2004 Indicator Sri Lanka India Singapore Thailand Human Development Index 0.74 0.62 0.92 0.78 (Max.:1. Min.:0) Literacy Rate % 92.5 61.0 92.5 92.6 Labour Force % Male 67 87 78 90 % Female 32 45 57 78 Physician (per 1000 people) 55 60 140 37 International Poverty Line % 5.6 34.7 n.a. <2 (<$1 per day) Population below the Poverty Line 25 29 n.a. 18 % Television Sets per 1000 Persons 117 83 303 300 Moblie Phones per 1000 Persons 114 44 910 430 17
What is Social Protection ? SOCIAL PROTECTION is the set of all initiatives, both formal and informal that provide: social assistance to extremely poor individuals and households; social services to groups who need special care or would otherwise be denied access to basic services; social insurance to protect people against the risk and consequences of livelihood shocks; and social equity to protect people against social risks such as discrimination or abuse. 18
Social Protection Social Security Social Social Social Social Insurance Service Assistance Safety Nets Services in Assistance in Assistance to Employees of • Health Crisis Specific groups • Government • Education •Flood •Elderly • Semi-Govt. • Housing •Fire •Orphan • Private - formal •Tsunami •Disability • etc •Financial •Poor 19
Main elements of S.P. framework Protective measures Preventive measures Promotive measures Transformative measures 20
Definitions � Terms “Social Services”, “Social Welfare”, “Social Security”, “Social Protection” were interchangeably used by different Governments � Social welfare is a condition of human wellbeing � Management of social problems � Maintenance of social order 21
Gradual Evolution of Social Welfare � Emerged as a survival strategy of human beings � Traditional societies still prefer to depend on family and community services � Family invariably became the social security provider to her own members � Governments intervened on social security services � Governments intervention originated the concept of “Welfare State” � Outcome – “Universal Social Welfare Policies” 22
Social services/welfare components for human wellbeing � Health � Education � Housing � Income security programs � Relief services 23
Social service provision in the region S.S. providers’ main concern is the individual, but their services indirectly influence the well being of the family. Beneficiaries are: Mothers Children Elderly Disabled Sick etc. 24
Mothers in public and private sector: Maternity Benefits Limited to working mothers with some disparities between public & private sector Benefits take the form of leave with pay, financial help, continuity of service, reduction in working hours etc. Delivery systems cannot be generalized 25
Maternity benefits (cont..) 120 days of leave. (Gov.& Pri.) Vietnam: Also 180 additional days of unpaid leave Philippins: 60 days of leave. (Normal) 7 days paternity leave 78 days of leave. (Caesarian) Singapore: 84 days of leave 90 days of leave China: India: 84 days of leave Sri Lanka: 84 days of leave; 3 days paternity leave 26
Children: Development & protection Every country adopts child development programs revolving on health, education, welfare and protection 27
Child development • Primary education is compulsory • Health and nutrition (Well baby clinics, spcialised hospitals for children, wards in General Hospitals ) • Legal provision on Rights of Child Forced labour Child labour Sexual abuse Trafficking Juvenile delinquents Rehabilitation Camps and Institutions • Child Development Centres - “Crèches” • Day Care Centres for easing the burden of child rearing by working mothers 28
Children: Formal education • Thailand: 7-16 yrs. Compulsory (free) • India: 6-14 yrs. Compulsory (free) • Sri Lanka: 6-14 yrs. Compulsory (free) 29
Elders’ Care Responsibility • By traditional extended families • State managed homes for the aged • Voluntary organization managed homes • State hospitals • Legal provision on compulsion of parental care Care for the disabled • The first institution is the family • State managed homes • Voluntary organization managed homes 30
Nature of Social Welfare Services � Personal Social Services • Allowances for special diseases – TB , Leprosy etc • Relief allowances for natural disasters – floods etc � Family Allowances • Poverty alleviation progammes – “Samurdhi” etc. 31
Towards a Family Policy � Purpose • To strengthen the family and to influence the structure and family functions • Development of children, enhance family well being � Originators • Governments’ National Policies • Non-Governmental organizations • Private sector � Inducement concessions • Grant monetary benefits – Tax concessions etc for bearing and rearing children • Extra maternity benefits etc. • Allowances for caring children, sick and elders 32
33 Employment related benefits • Provident Funds & ETF • Termination benefits • Pension
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