Updates of Water Environment Governance in Korea Tae-Jin Park - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Updates of Water Environment Governance in Korea Tae-Jin Park National Institute of Environmental Research The 15 th WEPA Annual Meeting 8 February 2020 Bangkok

Contents Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Water Quality Monitoring Framework Status of water quality Status of domestic & industrial wastewater Future targets

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Environment Policy Framework Act - The primary law governing environment in Korea - Purpose: to prevent environmental pollution , to protect environment appropriately and to keep the environment sustainable, resulting in letting people enjoy the healthy and amiable environment. - The basis for regulations Water Environment Conservation Act - Purpose: to protect people from water pollution , to manange the quality of streams, rivers and lakes appropriately, resulting in the benefit from the water environment managed well. - Regulation of wastewater from the effluent

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance <Environment Policy Framework Act> Air Noise Water Rivers Lakes Groundwater Seawater Standard Standard for Standard for Based on the management Environmental Environmental for protecting protecting of drinking water act and standard for standard for protecting human human water supply and human living living waterworks installation act health health health Environmental standard for living Marine standard based on ecology pH, TOC, SS, Standard for pH, BOD, TOC, SS, DO, DO, TP, TN, protecting TP, total coliform, marine aquatic Chl-a, total coliform, fecal coliform life fecal coliform

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance <Water quality standards> Water quality standard for protecting human health As, Cd, CN, Cr 6+ , Pb, As, Cd, CN, Cr 6+ , Pb, As, Cd, CN, Cr 6+ , Pb, As, Cd, CN, Cr 6+ , Pb, PCBs, Organic PCBs, Hg, Organic PCBs, Hg, Organic PCBs, Hg, Organic phosphorus, Total phosphorus, ABS , phosphorus, ABS, phosphorus, ABS, mercury, Alkyl benzene, chloroform, benzene, chloroform, benzene, chloroform, mercury DCM, Carbon DCM, Carbon DCM, Carbon tetrachloride, 1,2- tetrachloride, 1,2- tetrachloride, 1,2- DCE, PCE DCE, PCE, Sb, DEHP DCE, PCE, Sb, DEHP, 1,4-Dioxane, Formaldehyde, HCB 30 (plan) 20 17 15 9 9 8 1978 1983 1991 2006 2009 2012 2025

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance <Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)> (UNEP report, 2009)

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Sewerage (Ministry of Environment) Rivers or Streams managed by Country (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Small stream or Creek and Transport) (Ministry of the Interior and Safety) Local stream Lakes (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural affairs)

Legislative Framework for Water Environmental Governance Since 2019, Ministry of Environment is responsible for Integrated Water Resources Management. Sewerage (Ministry of Environment) Rivers or Streams managed by Country (Ministry of Environment) Small stream or Creek (Ministry of Environment) Local stream Lakes (Ministry of Environment) (Ministry of Environment)

Water quality monitoring Framework Classification Ministry of Environment National Institute of Environmental Research Radioactive Nonpoint Manual TMDL Aquatic life Automatic Sediment TMDL material source monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring (336) monitoring monitoring - 337 sites - 70 sites - 306 sites - 90 sites - 3,884 sites - 2 sites - 1,936 sites - Since 1995 - Since 2004 - Since 2012 - Since 2014 - Since 2016 - Since 2018 - Since 1967

Water quality monitoring Framework  Objective to comprehend the state of water quality and aquatic ecosystem in public water  Start of operation : Since 1967  Number of sampling site : total 6,625 sites - (River) 5,589 sites, - (lake) 368 sites - (Estuary) 668 sites  Number of investigation institution - 29 institutions  Related act - Environment Policy Framework Act - Water Environment Conservation Act

Water quality monitoring Framework Water quality National water Permissible standard quality monitoring Discharge Limit Temperature, pH, DO, BOD, BOD, TOC, SS, pH, n-hexane, Environmental standard COD(TOC), TOC, SS, TN, phenols, pentachlorophenol, for living DTN, TP, NH 3 -N, DTP, PO 4 -P, phenol, CN, Cr, Fe, Zn, Cu, total coliform, fecal pH, BOD, COD(TOC), SS, DO, Cd, Hg, Organic phosphorus, coliform, conductivity, As, Pb, Cr 6+ , Mn, F, PCB, total TN, TP, total coliform, fecal chlorophyll-a, As, Cd, CN, coliform, color, temperature, coliform Cr 6+ , Pb, PCB, Hg, Sb, TN, TP, TCE, PCE, ABS, (8 parameters) organic phosphorus, ABS, benzene, DCM, TU, Se, Ni, benzene, chloroform, Ba, 1,1-DCE, Carbon Standard for protecting DCM, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloride, human health 1,2-DCE, chloroform, 1,4- 1,2-DCE, PCE, DEHP, 1,4- Dioxane, DEHP, vinyl dioxane, formaldehyde, As, Cd, CN, Cr 6+ , Pb, PCB, chloride, acrylonitrile, phenols, TCE, Hg, Sb, organic phosphorus, bromoform, naphthalene, hexachlorobenzene ABS, benzene, chloroform, formaldehyde, (39 parameters) DCM, carbon tetrachloride, epichlorohydrin, Sb, toluene, 1,2-DCE, PCE, DEHP, 1,4- xylene, styrene, perchlorate, dioxane, formaldehyde, acrylamide, DEHA hexachlorobenzene (55 parameters) (20 parameters)

Water quality monitoring Framework Manual monitoring  Number of sampling sites 1,936 points cover most of the nation’s streams and lakes  Sampling interval differs from points but mostly monthly for a general purpose and weekly for important points or specific use such as TMDL and water quality forecast

Water quality monitoring Framework <Water Quality Index in Korea> • Water Quality status is divided into 7 levels. Ia. Very good Ib. Good II. Moderately good III. Moderate IV. Moderately bad V. Bad VI. Very bad ☞ http://water.nier.go.kr

Status of Water Quality <Status of water quality in 4 major RIVERS in Korea> BOD River and stream (GOOD : BOD ≤ 3 mg/L) 2017 2018 100 100 96.9 89.7 86.2 Water quality status (GOOD) (%) 84.3 81.8 80.9 80 72.7 61.9 60 57.1 40 20 0 Total Han river Nakdong river Geum river Yeongsan river

Status of Water Quality <Status of water quality in 4 major RIVERS in Korea> TP River and stream (GOOD: TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) 2017 2018 100 Water quality status (GOOD) (%) 80 60 40 20 0 Total Han river Nakdong river Geum river Yeongsan river

Status of Water Quality Han river (Paldang) Han river (Paldang) BOD (mg/L) TN (mg/L) Nakdong river (Mulgeum) Nakdong river (Mulgeum) 4.0 5.0 Geum river (Daecheong) Geum river (Daecheong) Yeongsan river (Juam) Yeongsan river (Juam) 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Han river (Paldang) Han river (Paldang) 10.0 COD (mg/L) 0.25 TP (mg/L) Nakdong river (Mulgeum) Nakdong river (Mulgeum) Geum river (Daecheong) Geum river (Daecheong) Yeongsan river (Juam) Yeongsan river (Juam) 8.0 0.20 6.0 0.15 4.0 0.10 2.0 0.05 0.0 0.00

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater <Current status of domestic wastewater> 25 5,000 facilities amount (million ton/d) Amount of domestic wastewater (Million ton/d) 4072 3963 3907 20.4 20.3 20 4,000 19.9 19.9 3774 19.8 3757 19.7 19.5 3613 18.7 18.6 18.5 3363 Number of facilities 3064 15 3,000 2770 2394 10 2,000 1,000 5 0 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 * This number does not include private treatment plants

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater <Current status of domestic wastewater> 180 100 removal efficiency (%) influent effluent 166.6 160 153.8 95 141.9 140 134.5 BOD concentration (mg/L) BOD removal efficiency (%) 121.1 120 112.0 109.8 90 100 95.5 97.6 80 96.9 96.6 85 94.1 92.2 60 89.4 40 86.0 80 82.6 20 19.5 13.4 11.6 9.5 8.0 4.8 4.8 4.0 0 75 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016

Status of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater <Current status of industrial wastewater> 10 60000 industries amount effluent 50000 8 amount (milion ton/d) 40000 Number of industires 6 30000 4 20000 2 10000 0 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Future targets 1. To pay attention to emerging pollutants and manage them Past Future BOD PPCPs(Musk ketone) Pesticides COD PFOS, PFOA etc TN microplastics TP POPs etc. Other micropollutants ≈ 100,000 chemicals in use yet Poor quality data only available For ≈ 1000 – 5000 (1-5%) of these

Future targets 2. To establish the framework of Integrated Water Resources Management - To provide water and to monitor water quality & quantity more efficiently - To adapt to climate change more efficiently 3. To keep water environment healthy from stream to estuary - To make rivers ecologically friendly by recovering ecological health - To strengthen the management of soil and underground water

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