Update on Next Generation Low GWP Refrigerants for Chillers Products Steve Kujak Director, Next Generation Refrigerant Research The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 1 JRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
Biography Stephen “Steve” Kujak is the director of Next Generation Refrigerants Research for Ingersoll Rand. Over the past 26 years, he has led and been involved in numerous technology and product development projects involving development of new refrigerants, lubricants and compatibility of system materials. Steve has been an author or co-author on 30+ publications related to refrigerants and has 10 patents related to HVAC products. Steve is a distinguish service member of ASHRAE and is involved in numerous refrigerant safety (Standard 34) and use standards used globally by the HVACR industry. He was awarded the ASHRAE Crosby Field award for highest rated presentation of a technical paper in 2016 and was also awarded the George Briley Refrigeration Committee award for best ASHRAE journal article on refrigeration in 2017. He is also involved with AHRI and is participating in the Alternate Refrigerant Evaluation Program (AREP) and the ARTI Flammability Research Subcommittee. He has a BS in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin- La Crosse and a master’s degree in chemistry from the University of North Dakota. 2
Outline/Agenda • 2016 NGR Conclusions • 2018 NGR Status – Low Pressure R123 and R245fa Alternatives – Medium Pressure R134a Alternatives – High Pressure R410A Alternatives • Conclusions 3
2016 Kobe Symposium Conclusions Singular refrigerants, such as R123, R134a, R410A, which can singly meet the climate demands (low gwp) and public demands for safe (non- flammable) may not be available for all applications. Exception – Low pressure chillers – number of non-flammables available o (R1233zd(E) and R514A) o Approx. 600 GWP non-flammable limit for medium pressure alternatives that are R134a design compatible (R513A) o No high pressure, low GWP, non-flammable alternatives available Many potential interim R410A alternatives possible o Limited chiller products being introduced until safety standards allow flammable refrigerants R410A alternatives that offer “design compatibility” with increased efficiency are o being proposed (R452B) o Many possibilities for optimization of GWP, flammability, capacity and glide. Much Has Changed in 2 Years Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing Without Direct Regulatory Pressure New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices 4
Tool Box for Low GWP NGR’s Expands Concerns R134a R143a GWP GWP Global High HFCs ODP Ozone Depletion Warmi Wa rming R125 GWP Potential (GWP > 1,000) R227ea GWP Global Warming GWP Potential R32 R245fa GWP GWP Moderate HFCs Flammable (GWP > 150 to 1,000) Global Warming Slightly (Kyoto Protocol) Flammability 2L HFC’s and HFO’s New Efficiency R152a ODP R1233zd(E) NGRs R1234yf R1336mzz(Z) Cost R1234ze(E) R1130 (E) ODP Low HFCs, R1123 Acute Toxicity R1224yd(Z) ODP HFOs R13I ODP R1132a and Naturals Chemically R1336mzz(E) S table GWP ≤ 150) Non-fluorinated (Naturals) Hydrocarbons CO 2 Water Ammonia New Refrigerant Chemistry's to Consider Drives Many More Proposed Blends to Optimize Properties 5
Low Pressure NGR Alternatives for Chillers The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 6 JRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
Low Pressure Chillers Alternatives R123 and R245fa Replacements Alternatives Attributes • Most Low GWP (<10) • A1 Non-flammable B1 A1 • Good efficiency B1 • Near design compatible alternatives available - Near R123 and R245fa capacities A1 New • A1 All with no glide R1233zd(E), R514A and R1224yd(Z) – Good Choices Nonflammable, GWP <2, High Efficiency R1224yd(Z) A Good R245fa ORC Replacement 7 R1336mzz(E) New Refrigerant to Consider
Evaporator & Condenser Performance Single Tube Test Rig R-514A R-1233zd(E) R-1224yd(Z) Evaporator Condenser Similar Evaporator & Condenser Performance Observed in Chiller Bundle vs Single Tube Tests All Heat Transfer Performance was = or > Than R123 8
Experiences with R514A R- 514A “drop in” Tests • R-1233zd(E) & R-1224yd(Z ) cannot be “dropped in” to a R -123 design • Optimized design can achieve similar performance for all 3 refrigs • Pressure vessel designs (ASME, PED) not required for R-514A 300 Ton Variable Speed Chiller 770 Ton Impeller Optimized Chiller R-514A Chiller Performance Equal or Better than R-123 R-123 Can Be Retrofitted to R-514A 9
Medium Pressure NGR Alternatives for Chillers The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 10 JRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
Medium Pressure Chiller Alternatives R134a Replacements Alternatives Attributes • Flammability - GWP 300-600 nonflammable - GWP <150 flammable • Good efficiency • Near design compatible alternatives available - Near R134a capacity - R1234ze(E) = -25% capacity • All with no glide R513A (nonflammable) and R1234ze(E) Good Choices R516A (<150 GWP, A2L) Good Future R513A Alternative CF3I Chemistry Could Offer Nonflammable Alternatives 11
Experiences With a Water-Cooled Chiller 230 RT ( 800 kW) Duplex Circuits Observations • Measured performance matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely. • Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants. • Differences can be attributed to the slightly (~R516A) lower heat transfer performance of the R513A & R516A Perform Similarly alternate fluids. 12
High Pressure NGR Alternatives for Chillers The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 13 JRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
High Pressure Chiller Alternatives R410A Replacements Alternatives Attributes • Lowest GWPs (150-730) • Flammability - R32, R452B, R454B & C are all 2L flammable - R466A first nonflammable that meets <750 GWP regulatory requirement • Efficiency - equal or greater R1123 • Many near design compatible alternatives available - R466A, R32, R454B, R452B • Many with glide R454B & R32 Chiller Products - Most R410A like with low glide Announced in Europe (0 to <2K) - R454C is R407C like (5 to 6K) 14
Experiences With Air Cooled Chiller 100 RT ( 352 kW) Duplex Circuits – Used 1 Circuit Observations • Measured performance matched thermodynamic predictions quite closely. • New Nonflammable <750 GWP Compressor efficiency was similar for all refrigerants. R466A Appears to be an • R466A and R452B had Acceptable R410A acceptable compressor Replacement discharge temperature. • R32 compressor discharge temperatures limited high 15 ambient range .
Conclusions The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 16 JRAIA, December 6-7, 2018 Kobe, Japan
Conclusions Much has changed in 2 year! Looking at Air & Water Cooled Chillers using HFC alternatives… … *Centrifugal and screw chillers with new ultra low HFOs or lower HFO blend refrigerants are now globally available. *Scroll introductions emerging Global Adoption of Ultra Low GWP (<10 GWP) Chiller Refrigerants Ongoing Without Direct Regulatory Pressure (No <150 GWP Limits) R514A, R1233zd(E), R1224yd(Z), R1234ze(E) – Considered Final Solutions New Refrigerant Innovation Continues – More Nonflammable Choices 17
Steve Kujak skujak@trane.com 18
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