Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Nicole M. LaVoi, Ph.D. Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, Ph.D. University of Minnesota University of Minnesota TRENDS IN GIRLS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Jeanne F Nichols Ph D Jeanne F. Nichols, Ph.D. Kelley K. Pettee, Ph.D. Barbara E. Ainsworth, Ph.D., MPH Arizona State University Arizona State University PHYSIOLOGICAL & METABOLIC DIMENSIONS Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Topics Topics • Cardiorespiratory Fitness • Muscular Strength & Power Muscular Strength & Power • Chronic Disease Prevention • Menarche • Bone Health B H lth • Female Athlete Triad Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cardiorespiratory Fitness • Increased Longevity • U.S. Fitness Levels – 1999-2000 NHANES – Treadmill testing • Weight Maintenance – 7.5 million “low fit” ml/kg/min • Health Benefits 40 Age (yrs) 39 39 – Diabetes Di b t 12 to 13 38 14 to 15 – Heart disease 37 16 to 17 36 36 – Colon & breast cancer 18 to 19 35 Aerobic Capacity 50 th percentile Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Muscular Strength & Power Muscular Strength & Power • Ability to generate force Abilit t t f – Strength, Endurance, Power • Health benefits – Weight control Weight control – Chronic disease prevention • Increases through puberty – Decreases in sedentary Decreases in sedentary – Maintained & increases in “actives” Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Chronic Disease Prevention Chronic Disease Prevention Odds with Low Fitness • Type 2 diabetes yp Overweight – Almost ½ of new cases Obese – 85% overweight Hypertension High Glucose • CHD Risk Factors Low HDL-C – 1999-2002 NHANES 1999 2002 NHANES Impaired fasting glucose – Higher Fitness – 2 fold inc overweight – 2 fold inc. overweight Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome in lowest fitness 0.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 Carnethon et al. JAMA 2005 Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Menarche Menarche • Onset is 12.4 years Onset is 12.4 years – Often delayed in active girls – Risk of menstrual dysfunction • Early puberty – Weight gain g g – Concerning behaviors • Smoking/drinking • Body dissatisfaction B d di ti f ti • Eating disorders Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Bone Health Bone Health • Most important time • Most important time to gain bone mass – 11-14 yrs is greatest 11 14 yrs is greatest – 90% by 17 yrs • Need 3 things – Vitamin D – Calcium (1300 mg/d) – Physical Activity • 30, 45, 60 min/day Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Female Athlete Triad Female Athlete Triad • Disordered Eating • Disordered Eating – Athletes 15-62% – General 13-20% General 13 20% • Menstrual Dysfunction – No menses by 15 yrs No menses by 15 yrs – Irregular menses – Low energy intake – Low energy intake • Low Bone Mass – 22% not accruing bone 22% not accruing bone as expected Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Healthy Lifestyles Healthy Lifestyles Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Margaret Carlisle Duncan, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee y SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Sociological Dimensions Sociological Dimensions 1997 vs 2007 report: The social construction of gender is still the most significant barrier g g to girls’ participation in physical activity. Gendering practices: •The PE/PA curriculum •Surveillance and objectification S ill d bj tifi ti Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Sociological Dimensions Sociological Dimensions The PE/PA curriculum • The “problem with girls” The problem with girls • The “hidden curriculum” • Girls’ perspective Designing girl-friendly physical activity programs Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Sociological Dimensions Sociological Dimensions The surveillance and objectification of female bodies: •The “beauty” ideal •The intensification of surveillance at puberty Th i t ifi ti f ill t b t Challenging the culture of surveillance Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Sociological Dimensions Sociological Dimensions Conclusion: Girls are not the “problem,” the gender order is: g •PE & PA are important sites for gendering PE & PA i t t it f d i •Gender may be constructed otherwise Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Diane Wiese-Bjornstal, Ph.D. University of Minnesota y PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport
Psychological Dimensions Psychological Dimensions Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 29
SELECT FINDINGS: PSYCHOLOGY Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 30
Cognitions: Cognitions: What do girls think about physical activity? Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 31
Are Girls Interested? Are Girls Interested? • Interest and importance that girls place I t t d i t th t i l l on physical activity influence current and future activity choices (Fredricks & Eccles, 2004) future activity choices • Perceived importance of physical activity is a stronger predictor of participation than is a stronger predictor of participation than interest (Fredricks & Eccles, 2002; 2005) • Girls are as “interested” in sport Girls are as “interested” in sport and physical activity but see it as somewhat less “important” as somewhat less important in their lives than do boys Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 32
Why Do Girls Participate? Why Do Girls Participate? • Why youth participate in sport: (Weiss & Ferrar Caja 2002) • Why youth participate in sport: (Weiss & Ferrar-Caja, 2002) – physical competence or adequacy – social acceptance and approval social acceptance and approval – enjoyment • Why youth stop Why youth stop stop participating in sport: (Weiss 2000; stop participating in sport: (Weiss, 2000; Weiss & Ferrar-Caja, 2002) – not developing or demonstrating competence – not feeling socially accepted – not enjoying experience or having fun – being harmed (e.g., injury, hurt esteem, b i h d ( i j h t t hurt feelings) Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 33
How Competent Do Girls Feel? How Competent Do Girls Feel? • Age – Younger children more optimistic, older g p , children more realistic in physical competence evaluations • Gender – From early childhood through adolescence F l hildh d th h d l girls perceive themselves as less physically competent than boys h i ll t t th b Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 34
Affect: Affect: What do girls feel about physical activity? Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 35
Do Girls Enjoy Physical Activity? Do Girls Enjoy Physical Activity? • Fun is most prevalent reason children and youth Fun is most prevalent reason children and youth give for participating in sport (PCPFSR,1997) • Enjoyment: Enjoyment: – Includes optimal challenge, mastery, social connection, intrinsic pleasure, positive reactions from others, skill improvement – Is strongest predictor of sport commitment (Weiss, 2003) • Task orientation linked to greater enjoyment T k i t ti li k d t t j t (Vlachopoulos et al., 1997) – Value personal improvement and task a ue pe so a p o e e t a d tas mastery Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 36
What Aspects are Stressful for Girls? • Antecedents of state anxiety – Personal: high trait anxiety, low self-esteem, low confidence, low perceived ability – Situational: individual sports, losing, more parental pressure, greater situation importance, ego-oriented t it ti i t i t d climates • Antecedents of burnout A t d t f b t – Excessive performance expectancies, limited control over one’s sport participation control over one’s sport participation, perceptions of stress and anxiety Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sport 37
Recommend
More recommend
