Trends in occupational radiation exposure in nuclear fuel cycle - PowerPoint PPT Presentation


 Trends in occupational radiation exposure in nuclear fuel cycle facilities. An overview. 
 � (Caroline SCHIEBER for) Ludovic VAILLANT � � International Conference on Occupational Radiation Protection: Enhancing the Protection of Workers � � 1-5 December 2014 � Vienna �

Content � n Global overview of occupational exposures trends in nuclear facilities based on UNSCEAR latest data. � n Focus on Nuclear Power Plants based on data from the International System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE). � n Discussion. � n Perspectives & future challenges. � 1 �


 UNSCEAR 2008 � n UNSCEAR 2008 Vol. 1 report provides estimates on workers’ occupational exposures in various field of activities, including the use of atomic energy for electricity generation. � n Data on: � n Uranium mining, � n Uranium milling, � n Enrichment, � n Fuel fabrication, � n Electricity generation, � n Reprocessing. � n Including: � n Collective exposure, � n Number of monitored workers. � 2 �

Uranium mining 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man,Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 1800" 350" 1600" 300" 1400" Monitored)Workers)(Thousands)) Annual)Collective)Dose)(Man.Sv)) 250" 1200" 200" 1000" 800" 150" 600" 100" 400" 50" 200" 0" 0" 1975,1979" 1980,1984" 1985,1989" 1990,1994" 1995,1999" 2000,2002" 3 �

Uranium milling 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man.Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 140" 25" 120" 20" Annual(Collective(Dose((Man.Sv)( Monitore(Workers((Thousands)( 100" 15" 80" 60" 10" 40" 5" 20" 0" 0" 1975+1979" 1980+1984" 1985+1989" 1990+1994" 1995+1999" 2000+2002" 4 �

Enrichment 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man.Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 6" 20" 18" 5" 16" Monitored)Workers)(Thousands)) Annual)Collective)Dose)(Man.Sv)) 14" 4" 12" 3" 10" 8" 2" 6" 4" 1" 2" 0" 0" 1975,1979" 1980,1984" 1985,1989" 1990,1994" 1995,1999" 2000,2002" 5 �

Fuel fabrication 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man.Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 40" 30" 35" 25" Monitored)Workers)(Thousands)) 30" Collective)Dose)(Man.Sv)) 20" 25" 20" 15" 15" 10" 10" 5" 5" 0" 0" 1975*1979" 1980*1984" 1985*1989" 1990*1994" 1995*1999" 2000*2002" 6 �

Reactor Operation 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man,Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 1200" 600" 1000" 500" Monitored)workers)(Thousands)) Annual)Collective)Dose)(Man9Sv)) 800" 400" 600" 300" 400" 200" 200" 100" 0" 0" 1975,1979" 1980,1984" 1985,1989" 1990,1994" 1995,1999" 2000,2002" 7 �

Reprocessing 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Annual"Collective"Dose"(Man.Sv)" Monitored"workers"(Thousands)" 80" 80" 70" 70" Monitored)Workers)(Thousands)) Annual)Collective)Dose)(Man.Sv)) 60" 60" 50" 50" 40" 40" 30" 30" 20" 20" 10" 10" 0" 0" 1975,1979" 1980,1984" 1985,1989" 1990,1994" 1995,1999" 2000,2002" 8 �

Overview - Collective exposures 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � Uranium Mining Milling Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Reactor Operation Fuel reprocessing 1800 1600 1400 Annual Collective Dose (Man.Sv) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2002 9 �

Overview – Average individual dose 
 UNSCEAR 2008 � 1975-1979 1980-1984 1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2002 12 10 Average Annual Effective Dose (mSv) 8 6 4 2 0 Uranium Mining Milling Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Reactor Operation Fuel reprocessing 10 �

General comment on UNSCEAR 2008 � n UNSCEAR 2008 data outline the following trends: � n A general trend in the decrease of the average individual exposure. � n Highest collective exposures associated with: � • Uranium mining (a strong decrease is observed), � • Reactor Operation. � n Reactor Operation appears since the beginning of the 90ies to be the most important contributor to occupational collective exposure associated with the nuclear fuel cycle. � 11 �

Electricity generation 
 ISOE network � n The ISOE network - www.isoe-network.net - provides detailed information on occupational exposures of workers in NPP. � n These data help to analyse and detail the observed trends. � 12 �

Electricity generation – Collective dose / reactor 
 Data from the ISOE network � 13 �

Electricity generation – Collective dose / TWh 
 Data from the ISOE network � 14 �

Electricity generation 
 Discussion � n A general decrease of occupational collective exposures: � n For various design of NPPs, � n For normalized collective exposures (in man.Sv per TWh-1). � n What is behind this trend? � n Evolution of the radiation protection system with ICRP Pub. 60: � • Individual dose limit from 50 to 20 mSv.year-1, and � • ALARA as a key requirement and driving force for the management of occupational exposures. � n Feedback experiences, � n NPP design improvements, � 15 � n Etc. �

Electricity generation 
 ALARA in NPP (1) � n Stakeholders involvement: � n Management, � n Workers, � n Authority. � n Building capacities: � n Training and ALARA culture, � n Sharing experiences. � 16 �

Electricity generation 
 ALARA in NPP (2) � n Improvement of source term , ‘If you decrease dose rate, then for the same task, you decrease dose’: � n Monitoring program (follow trends and detect deviations - dose rate, CZT, gamma camera, etc. -), � n Remediation (chemical decontamination), � n Co source term reduction plan, � n Zinc injection, � n Steam Generator Replacement, etc. � 17 �

Electricity generation 
 ALARA in NPP (3) � n New techniques: � n Remote Monitoring System, � n Pool decontamination and cleaning, � n Filters and resins for radioactive effluent treatment, � n Etc. � n In addition to the management of collective exposure and in agreement with ALARA principle (and equity value), focus on highest individual doses � 18 �

Perspectives and future challenges (1) � n Analysis of data from UNSCEAR and ISOE shows that collective and individual exposures have progressively decreased during the last decades. � n ALARA programs play a key role. � n Networking (IAEA, NEA, ISOE, IRPA, etc.) and experience sharing allow to ‘still’ improve (or at least maintain) our performances and are needed to face forthcoming challenges. � 19 �

Perspectives and future challenges (2) � n Need to develop capabilities and skills in case of an emergency situation in order to reach ALARA objectives in such a context. � n Need to take into account (anticipate) evolutions of the RP system: � n Lens of the eye, � n New scientific evidences may lead to a review of the radiation detriment. � 20 �

Perspectives and future challenges (3) � n Challenges for occupational exposures in NPP and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities : � n New ‘comers’: � • Feedback experiences to be taken into account, importance of networking activities, � • Trained actors as a requirement to ensure that occupational exposures are ALARA (utility, national Authority, TSO, etc.). � n Operation : � • Massive departures of highly qualified workers may lead to a loss of experience if not sufficiently anticipated (How to maintain an effective RP culture?), � • Increase of the operating life time of NPP and post- Fukushima related work leads to an increase of working time in controlled areas. � 21 �

Perspectives and future challenges (4) � n Challenges for occupational exposures in NPP and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities : � n Dismantling : � • Need to develop an industrial approach of nuclear facilities dismantling taking into account: � • Radiation protection - contamination and alpha risk management -, � • Industrial safety, � • Radioactive waste management. � 22 �

� � � � � � � � 2015 ISOE International ALARA Symposium Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 26-28 May, 2015 Fax: (+43-1) 26007 www.isoe-network.net & IAEA webpage on ORPNET 23 � � � � � � �

� � � Thank you for your attention � 24 �