Latin America Review Maya MesoAmerica 300 -900 C.E. (Middle America) - Bloody sacrifices to make gods happy . -Farmed and traded maize (corn) and cocoa. - Predicted end of the world-December 23, 2012 -Giant pyramid temples, picture system of writing, 365 day calendar, concept of zero, astronomy. Aztecs Latin American Geography • Latin America is made up of countries • Established Tenochtitlan 1315 • Central Mexico from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands. • Warriors made Aztecs rich from tribute , payment by conquered people • The cultures of this region reflect a • By 1500 Aztecs numbered 30 million people combination of native beliefs and colonial powers (England, France, • Built pyramids and human sacrifices to gods Spain, etc). • Contributions: calendar, chinampas (floating gardens), and pyramids Inca Topography • From the Andes Mts . and extended 2,500 miles down the pacific coast • Major topographical features: • They had an Emperor- Sapa Inca and a – Amazon Basin centralized – Andes Mountains government. – Atacama Desert • The empire was linked – Patagonia by roads and armies could move quickly throughout the empire. 1
Inca The New World • Religion: Polytheistic-their chief god was • Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain financed Columbus in 1492 . the Sun God . • Contributions: 12,000 miles of roads, • Columbus reached the Americas and in 1494 Spain and Portugal split the terrace farming , Machu Picchu . Americas in the Treaty of Tordesillas at the Line of Demarcation. • Quipus: records kept by colored strings and knots. Spain sent over Conquistadors Machu Picchu looking for Gold, God & Glory • 1532 • 1519-1521 • Francisco Pizarro • Hernan Cortes destroyed the Incan conquered the Aztec Empire in Peru empire • P-Pizarro • C-Cortez • I-Incas • A-Aztecs • P-Peru • M-Mexico Missionaries spread the Roman Catholic religion in the New World. Exploration and Reasons for Spanish Success European Conquest • Spanish used armor, horses and • Motives for Exploration: Europeans weapons looking for routes to riches of Asia • Spanish formed alliances with other • New technology: gunpowder, faster Native American groups ships, better maps, armaments helped • Disease brought by Spanish killed millions exploration. of native peoples. 2
Social Structure of the Spanish $$Mercantilism$$ Colonies • Mercantilism = Colonies used to Peninsulares benefit the Parent Nation People born in Spain • Exporting more than importing Creoles • Building up the supply of gold and Mestizos: People of mixed European and native descent silver Mulattoes: people of mixed African and European descent Native peoples and peoples of African descent Long Term Causes of Latin American Independence Columbian Exchange Movements Wheat Sugar Maize potato Rice • European domination of Latin sweet potato Banana Peanut squash Pig beans Horse America. Tomato Wine Tobacco Chicken avocado Small pox Measles typhus • Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Voltaire & Montesquieu. • American and French Revolutions Exchanges from the • Growth of nationalism Americas to Europe Exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and technology between “old world” and “new world” – CULTURAL DIFFUSION Immediate Causes of the Latin Slave Trade American Independence Movements • Causes – Disease and Death of Natives • Creoles, Mestizos & Indians resent colonial rule. – Labor needed for the plantations • Middle Passage • Revolutionary leaders emerge. – Brutal voyage from Africa to the • Napoleon invades Spain & colonies Americas. saw Spain’s weakness as an • Effects opportunity to revolt. – Local wars in Africa – Strong taken from Africa – Diversity in Latin America 3
Haiti’s Struggle Rebuilding Haiti • Haiti’s sugar • By 1798 enslaved Haitians free plantations • Toussaint controlled most of the island • Attempted to heal bad feelings between made it a classes valuable colony • Offered government jobs to whites, of France mulattoes & Africans. Death of Toussaint Toussaint L’Ouverture • Toussaint was • Born into slavery betrayed and seized by • Son of a Noble West Napoleon’s men African Family • Ten months later in a French prison • Learned to read Toussaint died • Inspired by stories • 1804 Haitian leaders of revolt in ancient declared independence Rome and Julius • 1820 Haiti a republic & the only non slave Caesar nation in Western Hemisphere Simon Bolivar Uprising of 1791 • Simon Bolivar , an educated Creole, saw Napoleon’s occupation of Spain the signal to act. • In 1810 he led an uprising that established a republic • Toussaint with support of slaves vs. France, in Venezuela Spain, Britain and Mulattoes • Civil war raged & • More lives lost than in any other Revolution Bolivar forced into exile in the Americas 4
“The Liberator” Effects of the Cuban Revolution • 1819 Bolivar • Communist Dictatorship under FIDEL marched his army CASTRO across the Andes and attacked • Collective Farms Bogotá • Government control of Industry – • Joined forces with Command economy Jose de San Martin • Seizure of foreign property Cuban Missile Crisis • 1961: U.S. backed a plot by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba- Bay of Pigs failed. • By 1824 wars of independence had ended • 1962: U.S. trade embargo on Cuba . • Bolivar’s dream for Gran Columbia • U.S.S.R. built nuclear missile bases on Cuba (90 miles off coast of Florida). vanished as rivalries flared • 1962: President Kennedy demanded Soviet • Gran Columbia split into Venezuela, removal of nuclear weapons & blockaded Cuba. Columbia and Ecuador • U.S.S.R. removed weapons & U.S. promised not • Violent civil wars emerged to invade Cuba. • Long struggle for stability and even longer • The closest we have come to nuclear war!!!! for democracy Cuba • Cuba won independence from Spain in 1898. • 1952: Batista seized power with a repressive & corrupt government. • Fidel Castro organized a guerrilla army & fought Batista. • 1959: Castro set up a communist government in Cuba. 5
Augusto Pinochet • Oppressive, military dictator in Chili. • Human rights abuses- tortured and killed political dissenters. • 1974-1990 Add me…I have been showing up on the exam. U.S. involvement in Latin America • Organization of American States 1948 : L.A. & U.S. created O.A.S. to promote democracy, economic cooperation & human rights. • North American Free Trade Agreement: 1990’s U.S., Mexico, & Canada signed NAFTA to allow free trade among the 3 nations. Goal: to bring prosperity to Mexico. Hot Spot in the Cold War Problems facing Latin America • Poverty • Political instability • Overpopulation – Mexico city • Deforestation –Brazilian Rain Forests • Endangered species 6
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