Thermodynamics of Natural Systems NGEO106 Fall Semester 2019 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Thermodynamics of Natural Systems NGEO106 Fall Semester 2019

Outline of the course • Review of classical thermodynamics • Taste of statistical physics • Equations of state of planetary materials • Phase diagrams of planetary materials • Useful tools (e.g., Perple_X) • Thermodynamics of continuous media • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics 2

Literatura • Callen, H. B., Thermodynamics and an introduction to thermostatics , second ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985. • Anderson, G. M., Thermodynamics of Natural Systems , second ed., Cambridge University Press, 2009. • Reif, F., Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics , McGraw-Hill, 1965. • de Groot, S. R., and P. Mazur, Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics , Dover Publications, New York, 1984. • Truesdell, C., Rational Thermodynamics , second ed., Springer, New York, NY, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5206-1, 1984. • Obdr ž álek, J., Úvod do termodynamiky, molekulové a statistické fyziky , Matfyzpress 2015 3

What is thermodynamics Lord Kelvin (1854): 
 “Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency.” [Wikipedia] Anderson 2005 CUP “Termodynamika se zab ý vá rovnová ž n ý mi stavy, a to makroskopicky a fenomenologicky. Klí č ové nové pojmy jsou teplo, teplota a entropie.” Obdr ž álek 2005 Matfyzpress 1. Generality – All types of systems in macroscopic aggregation. 2. Sets limits (inequalities) on permissible processes, establishes relationships. Thermodynamics is the study of the restrictions on the possible properties of matter that follow from the symmetry properties of the fundamental laws of physics. 4 Callen 1985 book

5 The Map of Physics [YouTube]

Macroscopic view Microscopic approach Statistical physics Thermodynamics empirical from first principles 6

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History of thermodynamics • 1650 Otto von Guericke built the first vacuum pump (x Aristotle…) • 1656 Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke built air pump … noticed correlations between P–T–V … Boyle’s law (P ∝ 1/V) • 1679 Denis Papin built a steam digestor (high P) • 1697 Thomas Savery built a piston & cylinder engine; also Thomas Newcomen in 1712 • Joseph Black and James Watt … concepts of heat capacity, latent heat • 1781 Watt : external condenser → steam engine • 1824 Sadi Carnot : “Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance” • 1859 First thermodynamics textbook by William Rankine • 1850’s 1st & 2nd laws of thermodynamics … Rankine , Clausius , Thomson (…) • Foundations of statistical thermodynamics: Maxwell , Boltzmann , Planck , Clausius , Gibbs (…) Wikimedia Commons • 1873–76 Josiah Willard Gibbs : On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances • 19th century Duhem chemical thermodynamics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics#History • … 8

Eight founding schools of thermodynamics(?) Wikimedia Commons 9