IX. The Mongols • A. Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire • The Mongols attacked the Islamic Empire at the same time as the Crusaders were invading from the west • B. The Mongols were able to reopen the “Silk Road” • New groups from central Asia, like the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks to the Muslim world
Mongol armies Genghis Khan • Genghis Khan originally built his alliances simply to avenge his father’s death but eventually ruled an empire stretching across Asia from the Pacific to the Black Sea
Mongol Expansion Russia MONGOL EMPIRE Mongolia (At Genghis Khan’s Death) GOBI DESERT Asia Minor Song Dynasty (China) Arabia India
X. The fall of Constantinople • Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders during the “Fourth Crusade” • “Crusaders” from Venice attacked the Byzantines instead of the Muslims to gain control of critical eastern Mediterranean Sea trade routes (Silk Road) • A series of lesser Crusades in the 1200’s only caused the Christians to lose more land to the Turks • The Seljuk Turks dominated the Muslim world by the end of the Crusades
A. Ottoman Turks • 1. Dominated the Islamic world after the end of the Crusades and the expulsion of the Mongols • 2. Conquered the Byzantine Empire • 3. Seized control of the Bosporus and the western parts of the old “Silk Road”
B. Constantinople • Muhammad II, known as The Conqueror, took the city in 1453, crushing the remains of the Byzantine Empire • He rebuilt and repopulated the city while extending the Ottoman Empire • 1. Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire • 2. Became capital of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottomans became the dominant power in the Mediterranean Sea
Late Medieval Period • What were key events and effects of the Crusades? • What were the effects of the Mongol invasions? • What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe?
WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by • c) explaining patterns of crisis and recovery related to the Black Death (bubonic plague); and
XI the Black Death (Bubonic plague)
The Black Death A.(Bubonic Plague) • 1. In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe
Black Death • 2. Decline in population ▫ between 75 and 200 million people died in Europe of the Black Death ▫ between 20% of the population (in northern Europe) to 80% (in Italy and southern Europe) ▫ China- decreased from 125 million to 65 million ▫ Urban areas were hit hardest
Plague= • 3. Scarcity of labor labor decrease ▫ Scarcity= not enough of or rarity ▫ The large number of deaths reduced the work force and even led to the abandonment of some towns and villages ▫ Skilled workers (from cities) had the highest death rates, especially doctors and priests
Plague= Towns freed from feudal obligations • 4. decline of feudalism ▫ The shortage of workers forced towns (and kings) to end many feudal laws limiting changing occupations and migration
Plague= decline of the Church • 5. Decline of church influence ▫ People questioned why God was “punishing” them ▫ The pope’s inability to find a solution led to a decline in his authority ▫ The lack of priest to comfort the dying led people to question the need for priests and the papacy
Plague= disruption of trade • 6. trade hindered • The Late Middle Ages and the Crusades had led to a resurgence in trade (but allowed for quick transmission of the plague) • The decline in population led to a decline in the demand for goods and the ability for people to move and trade easily
It took a century for Europe’s population to rebound and for trade to recover
question: How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe?
WHI.14 The student will apply social science skills to understand the social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the high and late medieval periods by • d) evaluating and explaining the preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science.
Education • Largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages • The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations • Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West
XII Church scholars • A. Were among the very few who could read and write ▫ During most of the Middle Ages cathedrals and monasteries were the only schools in Western Europe
Church Scholars • B. Worked in monasteries ▫ Most scholars were monks who translated or transcribed (copied) books by hand ▫ Transcribing a Bible could take a single monk more than a year ▫ Libraries were few and far between and rarely had more than a few dozen books
Church Scholars-Translators • C. Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin ▫ Trade with the Byzantines and Arabs during the Crusades brought classical learning back to Western Europe
Church Scholars- Translators • D. Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe ▫ New developments from China (compass and paper), India, (“Arabic numerals”), and Arabia (algebra, chemistry, medicine, astronomy) ▫ Were brought to Western Europe on the Silk Road
Church Scholars- Universities • E. Church scholars laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe ▫ As trade increased both monarchs and merchants needed more education ▫ Universities were founded to provide an education for people who were not planning on becoming priests or monks ▫ The curriculum was a combination of traditional church teaching and the “new” classical learning based on Greek and Roman models (with new ideas from Arabia) ▫ This new school of thought was known as “scholasticism”
University of Oxford, England
Yale University, Connecticut
Harvard University, Massachusetts
All Souls College, University of Ox ford • England’s oldest institution of higher education, the University of Oxford was established in the 12th century by English scholars
question… • How did European scholars begin to interpret and value ancient learning?
Let’s see what you know…
1. England limited the powers of kings and increased the power of the nobility with A. the Codex Justinian. B. the Magna Carta. C. the English Constitution. D. the Civil Constitution.
2. The Black Death first came to Europe through A. trade. B. exploration. C. the Church. D. the New World.
3. The Hundred Years’ War was between which countries? A. France and Spain B. Russia and France C. England and the Holy Roman Empire D. England and France
4. The effects of the Crusades are all of the following except A. increased trade between Asia and Europe. B. decreased power of the nobility in many countries. C. increased tolerance and respect among religions. D. increased demand for Asian imports.
5. With the help of Ivan the Great, Russia was freed from the A. Mongols. B. Indians. C. French. D. Turks.
Let’s see how you did…
1. England limited the powers of kings and increased the power of the nobility with A. the Codex Justinian. B. the Magna Carta. C. the English Constitution. D. the Civil Constitution.
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