Th The Bom Bomber r on on t the Roof oof. www.opd.ohio.gov - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Th The Bom Bomber r on on t the Roof oof. www.opd.ohio.gov

The Th Lineup www.opd.ohio.gov

The Th Identific tification www.opd.ohio.gov

Office ce of of the O Ohio P Public D c Defender Eyewitness ss Identification: M Myths, Sc Science, a and Stra rategy Patrick Clark Assistant State Public Defender, Appeals & Postconviction Section www.opd.ohio.gov

Why Eyewitness Identification Matters, Period. www.opd.ohio.gov

Why E Eyewitnes ess Iden entification Matter ers t to M Me. e. www.opd.ohio.gov

What J Jurors Think W When They H Hear an Eyewitness T Testify… www.opd.ohio.gov

Myths ab abou out E Eyewitness I Identif ificatio ion. www.opd.ohio.gov

Myths ab abou out E Eyewitness I Identif ificatio ion. www.opd.ohio.gov

Myths ab abou out E Eyewitness I Identif ificatio ion. www.opd.ohio.gov

When en y you c challenge e the e witness, s, but n not t the e myths… s… www.opd.ohio.gov

Case S e Stu tudy: R Ronald ld C Cotton a and J Jen ennif ifer T Thom ompson www.opd.ohio.gov

Mem emory i is a Con onstructiv tive P Proc ocess. Memory is a constructive process. www.opd.ohio.gov

Encoding: g: h how w we allocate o our a atten ention. www.opd.ohio.gov

Stor orage: Hol Holding i inform rmati tion in ou our m memory to o ac access l later. www.opd.ohio.gov

Retri trieval: Th The p proc ocess of of regaining ac access t to o a a memory. www.opd.ohio.gov

Sci cience ce: Es Estimator V Variables C Can I Impact ct the Reliability of a an Identificati tion Variables that “ “can a affect ct and dilute m memory…over w which ch the legal system has n no control.” State v e v. Hender erson , 2 27 A A.3d 872 ( 72 (N. N.J. 2 2011) 011). www.opd.ohio.gov

Estimator or V Var ariab able: e: D Distan ance ( e (134 f feet) www.opd.ohio.gov

Estimator or V Var ariab able: e: D Distan ance ( e (100 f feet) www.opd.ohio.gov

Estimator or V Var ariab able: e: D Distan ance ( e (5 feet) www.opd.ohio.gov

Weap apon on Focu ocus. s. www.opd.ohio.gov

Estimator V r Var ariab able: Cr Cros oss-racia ial id l identific ificatio ion “Own race bias describes the phenomenon in which faces of people of races different from that of the eyewitness are harder to discriminate (and thus harder to identify accurately) than are faces of people of the same race as the eyewitness.” National Academies of Sciences, Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification (2014) www.opd.ohio.gov

Estimator or V Var ariab able: e: S Stres ess www.opd.ohio.gov

Sci cience ce: S System V Variables C Can Impact t the Reliability of an Eyewitn tness I Identificati tion Variables that “ “can a affect ct and dilute m memory…which are w within t the contr trol o of f th the criminal justi tice s system.” State v e v. Hender erson , 27 , 27 A A.3d 3d 872 ( 72 (N. N.J. 201 011) 1). www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: S Show U Ups a are Suggestive. “The p pract ctice ce o of showing suspects s singly t to persons f for t the purpose of i identification, a and n not a as p part o of a a lineup, has b been w widely condemned.” Sta tate te v v. Broom , 40 0 Ohio S St.3d 3d 2 277 ( 77 (198 988) 8). www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: L Lineups c conduct cted w with a non-blind administrator m may b be suggestive. www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: L Lineups c conduct cted w with a non-blind administrator m may b be suggestive. The d double-blind l lineup administration is “the s single m most important ch charact cteristic t c that should a apply t to w witness identification p proce cedures.” Henderson at * *69. 69. www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variab able: L Lineup instructions m matter. “Prov oviding g instruction ons t to e eyewitnesses helps t them understand t the r role of t the identification p proce cedure i in the investigative p process. I It also o helps decr crease t the pressure w witnesses m may feel t to make a a select ction, w which ch has been shown to contribute t sh to misidenti tification.” -Innoce cence ce P Project ct Eyewitness Iden denti tifi fication Res esource G Gui uide, de, 2 2012. www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: F Filler b bias cr creates a a funct ctionally s smaller l line up. www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: F Filler b bias cr creates a a funct ctionally s smaller l line up. www.opd.ohio.gov

System V Variable: C Confidence assessment c can be probative a at initial identification, b but only t then. www.opd.ohio.gov

www.opd.ohio.gov

R.C. 2933 R. 2933.83. www.opd.ohio.gov

R. R.C. 2933 2933.83. Unless otherwise impracticable: • Double blind or blinded lineup; • Record of immediate confidence assessment; • Provide written information about lineup composition www.opd.ohio.gov

Inves estigation a and Pres eser ervation on o of Eviden ence. www.opd.ohio.gov

Notice t e to Pres eser erve I e Iden entification on Eviden ence. e. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppres ession Hea earings gs: T The e Manson on Tw Two-Step ep. Were the procedures impermissibly suggestive? No ? The identification is admissible. Yes ? Balance effects of suggestion against “reliability factors” and suppress if there is a “[s]ubstantial probability of an irreparable misidentification.” www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppres ession Hea earings gs: I Issues es w with the e Manson on Te Test. 1) Requires a a showing o of State a act ction. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppres ession Hea earings gs: I Issues es w with the e Manson on Te Test. 1) Requires a 1) a showing o of state a act ction. 2) The reliability f 2) fact ctors d don’t a act ctually e ensure r reliability. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppres ession Hea earings gs: I Issues es w with the e Manson on Te Test. 1) 1) Requires a a showing o of state a act ction. 2) The r 2) reliability fact ctors incl cluded i in the t test d don’t a act ctually ensure r reliability. 3) The t 3) test i is n not e explicitly i incl clusive o of fact ctors that s soci cial sci cience ce i identifies a as impact cting r reliability. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: Henderson 1) “Manson…does not adequately meet its stated goal.” 2) “To obtain a pretrial hearing [that considers the reliability of an identification after weighing all system and estimator variables], a defendant must present some evidence of suggestiveness.” 3) Remedies include suppression or tailored jury instructions. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: T The e Oreg egon W Way . State v. Lawson , 291 P.3d 673 (Ore. 2012). An approach based on the rules of evidence, not the Due Process Clause. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: T The e Oreg egon W Way . State v. Lawson , 291 P.3d 673 (Ore. 2012). An approach based on the rules of evidence, not the Due Process Clause. 1) A pretrial motion to exclude by defendant places burden on State to establish all preliminary facts necessary for admissibility www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: T The e Oreg egon W Way . State v. Lawson , 291 P.3d 673 (Ore. 2012). An approach based on the rules of evidence, not the Due Process Clause. 1) A pretrial motion to exclude by defendant places burden on State to establish all preliminary facts necessary for admissibility. 2) Burden shifts to defendant to demonstrate that probative value of identification is substantially outweighed by the danger of prejudice or misleading the jury. www.opd.ohio.gov

Supp uppress ession H Hea earings: U Using R R.C. 2 293 933.83 to s show state a e action under Manson. Manson Factor Science Opportunity to View 1) Stress 2) Gun Focus Degree of attention 1) Stress 2) Gun Focus Certainty/confidence Timing of when the confidence assessment done. Time between crime and confrontation 1) Opportunities for contamination. 2) Poor encoding  less to store www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: Ge Get t an Ex Expert. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: Ge Get t an Ex Expert. www.opd.ohio.gov

Suppressi ssion H Hea earings: gs: T The e Sad Rea eality. www.opd.ohio.gov

Trial: A Addres ess t the e Mised educati tion o of the e Jury y Pool. www.opd.ohio.gov

Winning C g Case e Theo eories es N Need eed An Assist f t from t the e Scien ence Theory Outcome The poor, crying, shaken victim of a brutal home invasion is lying because she’s a liar. www.opd.ohio.gov

Winning C g Case e Theo eories es N Need eed An Assist f t from t the e Scien ence Theory Outcome The poor, crying, Your client goes to shaken victim of a prison, and we’re in brutal home invasion appeals and post- is lying because she’s conviction land. a liar. www.opd.ohio.gov