Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Testing natural language use insights from naturalistic experimental paradigms Katerina Danae Kandylaki University of Marburg, Germany 26. June 2015 1/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Outline 1 Experimental traditions “controlled stimuli” 1 “ecological validity” 2 2 The “naturalistic” approach 3 Comparison of results 4 Conclusion & Take home message 2/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Controlled stimuli Carefully created/selected stimuli Example experiment: Domahs et al. (2013) stress violation, “Vitamin” Carrier sentence: Er soll nun *(’vi.ta)(min) vs. *vi(’ta.min) vs. (vi.ta)(’min) sagen 3/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Controlled stimuli Carefully created/selected stimuli Example experiment: Domahs et al. (2013) stress violation, “Vitamin” Carrier sentence: Er soll nun *(’vi.ta)(min) vs. *vi(’ta.min) vs. (vi.ta)(’min) sagen Unnatural setup, decontextualised language 3/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Why is decontextualisation a problem? Isolating language from its natural environment: Theoretical problem of scaling the results Disorders’ symptoms often occur only in context Applications in a noisy environment: maybe studying language use improves applications 4/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Ecological validity inspired from recent advances in cognitive neuroscience Example experiment: Bartels & Zeki (2004) natural viewing of movies no a priori hypotheses “events” automatically extracted from the movie features 5/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Ecological validity inspired from recent advances in cognitive neuroscience Example experiment: Bartels & Zeki (2004) natural viewing of movies no a priori hypotheses “events” automatically extracted from the movie features paradigms using language in context / as natural as possible 5/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion The “naturalistic” approach hybrid between completely controlled designs and completely natural tightly controlled stimuli embedded into natural context Benefits: design and statistical procedures as in “controlled stimuli” no decontextualisation, higher ecological validity no explicit task 6/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Naturalistic paradigm: story listening 20 two-minute long stories Story 105 – Zirkus Der Clown Valentino genießt das Leben im Zirkus 'Fiforello', da sie viel herumreisen. Jedoch will der Zirkus bald auch ein festes Zirkuszelt für die Winterzeit bauen. Jetzt Discourse false-beliefs benötigen sie nur noch ein passendes Baugrundstück CLASH und schon kann der Bau beginnen. Neulich trug ACT-HIGH der Clown bei einem Auftritt die Prinzessin auf Stelzen durch die Manege, was die Zuschauer sehr amüsiert hat. Der Clown machte dabei lustige Fratzen, griff in sein rotes Stoffsäckchen und warf der Dame in der ersten Reihe ein kleines Holzspielzeug SHIFT zu. Im improvisierten Sketch nahm der Clown einen Kuschelbär, eine Zahnbürste und ein Kissen aus seinem Säckchen. Als er an den Rand der Manege Semantics verb causality kam und vorgab, sich die Zähne zu putzen, stand er mit dem Rücken zur Prinzessin. In dem Moment klaute die Prinzessin den Kuschelbär und versteckte ihn unter ihrem Kleid. Als der Clown sich ins Bett legen wollte, konnte er sein Kuscheltier nicht finden. Und weil Reference tracking er so verwirrt aussah, TOM mussten alle Zuschauer herzlich lachen. Dann wurde der Clown von der Prinzessin gestoßen PASS-HIGH und unter dem Kleid kam der Kuschelbär wieder hervor. Der Clown freute sich, sein Kuscheltier wiedergefunden zu haben! Dann nahm er Syntax grammatical voice einen Kohlemalstift LAPSE aus seiner Tasche und fing an, etwas zu zeichnen. Als er seine Zeichnung dem Publikum zeigte, schien ein Zuschauer sehr fasziniert davon. Der Clown ging näher zu ihm und unterhielt sich mit ihm über das Kunstwerk. NONTOM Der Zuschauer mochte ACT-LOW den Clown, und weil die Zeichnung ein ganz skurriles Porträt der Prinzessin war, wurde die Diskussion sehr lustig. Schließlich stand der Zuschauer auf und brachte das ganze Publikum zum Klatschen. Zum Dank schenkte der Clown dem Zuschauer die Phonology rhythm Zeichnung.Der Zuschauer wurde von dem Clown für seine freundliche, mitreißende Art geschätzt PASS-LOW . Das Publikum klatschte und johlte begeistert. Der Zuschauer war nämlich vielen aus den Medien als der Landesvolkswirt NOSHIFT von Hessen bekannt. 7/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Phonological rhythm manipulation well-formed rhythm strong strong strong beat strength weak weak time ill-formed rhythm strong strong strong beat strength time weak weak ill-formed rhythm strong strong strong beat strength weak weak time no phonological task 8/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Analysis In order to achieve a “clean” baseline, we modelled: 1 Contrasts of interest (full factorial design) well-formed (SHIFT, NOSHIFT) 1 ill-formed (CLASH, LAPSE) 2 2 Regressors of no interest the rest of the story (speech excluding manipulation) 1 question reading 2 answer reading 3 responses 4 jitters 5 9/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Results Domahs et al. (2013) Kandylaki et al. (in prep.) decide whether auditory probe listen carefully to stories (for task stressed correctly answering questions) Post-central gyrus Insula correct vs. violation STG LAPSE vs. NOSHIFT results premotor rIFG cortex billateral mild vs. severe SMA LAPSE vs. CLASH 10/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Conclusion Our results replicated previous findings established their ecological validity added new brain regions to the findings Contribution of naturalistic designs: free environment brain “in action”, how it categorises language language in interaction with other cognitive systems (neurobiological basis of language) 11/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Take home message Investigating brain processes of language in action can inform linguistic theory 12/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
Thanks to my advisors, colleagues, collaborators Prof. Dr. Ina Bornkessel- Prof. Dr. Schlesewsky Richard Wiese Prof. Dr. Tilo Kircher Prof. Dr. Ulrike Domahs Dr. Arne Nagels Thank you all! Ευχαριστώ ! Dankeschön! Dr. Jens Sommer Dr. Karen Henrich Miriam Burk Dr. Jona Sassenhagen Dr. Johannes Kanus Fiona Weiß Dr. Marie Alexander Dröge Josephine Rocholl Dr. Phillip Alday 13/ 13
Experimental traditions The current approach Comparison of results Conclusion Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004). Functional brain mapping during free viewing of natural scenes. Human brain mapping, 21 (2), 75-85. Domahs, U., Klein, E., Huber, W., & Domahs, F. (2013). Good, bad and ugly word stress–fMRI evidence for foot structure driven processing of prosodic violations. Brain and language, 125 (3), 272-282. Willems, R. M. (Ed.). (2015). Cognitive neuroscience of natural language use. Cambridge University Press. 13/ 13 ExLing 2015 - 6th International Conference on Experimental Linguistics, 26-27 June, Athens, Greece
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