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T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Day 2: Achieving sustainability in townships through economic and spatial investment Cecil Madell: 30 October 2007 T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo

  1. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Day 2: Achieving sustainability in townships through economic and spatial investment Cecil Madell: 30 October 2007

  2. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Outline 1. Introduction 2. Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods – SL Framework – Livelihoods assets used by the poor – Possible areas of intervention – Importance of green and lifecycle costing 3. Competitive Place Theory and Township Development – Defining competitive place – Role of physical infrastructure – Importance of quality public – Concerns with emphasing place competitiveness 4. Township Development: Competitive Place and Sustainable Livelihoods

  3. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Outline 1. Introduction – 2001 Onwards - significant amount of funding in rural areas and townships – 2001 - 2005 : R 6.7 billion - total value of direct transfers to household – R 58. 7 billion - total value of transfers aimed directly at poverty eradication and development promotion to special agencies/funds – Townships : poverty traps: dormitory suburbs, with limited private sector investment; low levels of safety and security and high -income leakage out of these areas. – high levels of historic, cultural and social value for residents – South African landscape is diverse culturally and geographically, there are significant similarities in the features and challenges townships face. – Paper explores concepts of sustainable livelihoods (emerging from literature on poverty reduction) and competitive place (emerging from mainstream neo-liberal policy) and the relationship between - improving the quality of economic and spatial living spaces of townships

  4. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Tale of 3 ‘cities’ • Historical Towns – Mixed use of activities and incomes – Focus on public transport and public spaces • Suburbs – Gated complexes – Shopping centres – Private transport – Middle and high income communities • Townships – New and historic layout design – Minus viable public transport and public spaces – Towards mixed income groups

  5. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.1 SL Framework • Asset-vulnerability frameworks - poverty as a lack of secure conditions of life • Evolved into sustainable livelihoods framework approach as a basis for analysing, understanding and formulating appropriate strategies to manage the complexity of poverty reduction and social development. • Sustainable Livelihoods – Vulnerability Factors I I n n f f r r a a s s t t r r u u c c t t u u r r e e a a n n d d S S e e r r v v i i c c e e s s Physical Physical Capital Capital P P o o l l i i c c i i e e s s , , I I n n s s t t i i t t u u t t i i o o n n s s V V u u l l n n e e r r a a b b i i l l i i t t y y A A n n d d P P r r o o c c e e s s s s e e s s C C o o n n t t e e x x t t Stru Stru c c t t u u r r e e s s / / ¥ ¥ organisations organisations Livelihood Livelihood Assets Assets Human Human Social Social Pub Pub l l i i c c S S e e c c t t ¥ ¥ or or ¥ ¥ S S t t o o c c k k s s Capital Capital Capital Capital Priv Priv a a t t e e S S e e c c ¥ ¥ tor tor ¥ ¥ T T r r e e n n d d s s Pro Pro c c e e s s s s e e s s : : ¥ ¥ law, law, policies, policies, ¥ ¥ S S e e a a s s o o n n s s cultu cultu r r e e Financial Financial Capital Capital Natural Natural Capital Capital L L i i v v e e l l i i h h o o o o d d E E x x t t e e r r n n a a l l E E n n v v i i r r o o n n m m e e n n t t O O p p p p o o r r t t u u n n i i t t i i e e s s L L i i v v e e l l i i h h o o o o d d S S t t r r a a t t e e g g i i e e s s

  6. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.2 Livelihood Assets Used by the Poor Livelihood Examples of Assets Used by the Poor (Meikle, 2002; Rakodi, 2002) Assets Human Capital Labour resources available to households and capacity to work Quantitative - no of workers in households and time available - income earning activities Qualitative - levels of education, skills and health status of household members Social and Political Networks, memberships of groups, relationships of trust and reciprocity, social support, Capital: access to wider institutions of society etc, on which people draw in pursuit of livelihoods (e.g loans, child care, food accommodation, and information about casual labour and other opportunities). Economic and Sale of labour, savings, credit, remittances, pensions, etc Financial Capital: Credit: accessibility and affordability

  7. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.2 Livelihood Assets Used by the Poor Livelihood Examples of Assets Used by the Poor (Meikle, 2002; Rakodi, 2002) Assets Physical Capital: Basic infrastructure (transport, shelter, water, energy, communications, etc) Housing: productive (renting rooms; space as workshop; reproductive, etc) Livestock: food source and asset Economic and social infrastructure: education and health facilities Production equipment: machinery, utensils, vehicles, etc Natural Capital: Land, water and other environmental resources, especially common pool resources. Urban agriculture (land as asset) Environmental contamination

  8. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.3 Possible areas of intervention • Human capital • Emphasis on sectors or niches with significant labour-intensive activities • Local education and training efforts. • HIV/AIDS • Social and political capital • Co-operation between all spheres of government, NGOs and CBOs. • Social capital in townships - building and supporting social networks and associations. • Economic and financial capital • Stimulation of economic growth, with significant growth potential. ฀ Β etter utilisation of existing poverty relief programmes, e.g EPWP; various national, provincial, district and local programmes available for poverty alleviation. • Use of green technologies in the design and location of facilities and housing.

  9. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.3 Possible areas of intervention Physical capital • • Provision & quality of basic infrastructure e.g hsing, electric., roads, water & sanitation. • Expanding low-cost house-construction efforts, in particular in areas where community facilities and job opportunities already exists • Increasing the provision of public social and education facilities and human resources in poor areas; • Improving the physical environment in townships, so that residential units can increase in value and be used as collateral to access funding to improve levels of education and training. Natural capital • • Significantly upgrade and improve the quality of open spaces, river and eco systems within and adjacent townships. • Specific actions: large tree planting & landscaping programmes; removal of alien vegetation; clearing of areas - combat crime; decreasing domestic sources of pollution (e,g burning of tyres, plastic & garbage); etc • Improving the quality of the green open spaces will increase the liveability of townships and increase the value of investment, such as the housing stock.

  10. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.4 Importance of green and lifecycle costing Factors impacting on the lifecycle cost of a settlement to an individual Whole City Whole City (Urban Planning/Policy/Economy/ Transport system/ Service delivery systems) (Urban Planning/Policy/Economy/ Transport system/ Service delivery systems) Neigbourhood/Suburb Neigbourhood/Suburb (Facilities and Services – schools, transport, shops, recreation) (Facilities and Services – schools, Location Location Location transport, shops, recreation) House House (orientation, finishes, energy, waste, water) (orientation, finishes, energy, waste, water) House House House Design Design Design Individual Individual (life-stage, employment (life-stage, status) employment status, etc.)

  11. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.4 Importance of green and lifecycle costing Influence of design on cost (Saroop, et al, 2006)

  12. T T R I TT TR RI I T T ra ining fo r T o wnship Re ne w a l Initia tive Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods 2.4 Importance of green and lifecycle costing Construction costs Vs. operating costs of subsidy house (adapted from Saroop, et al, 2006) Inception, design and construction: 3 months to Operations: 30 years (R46 000 to 2 years (R36 000) R100 000) to individual to State

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