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Synchronization and permutation groups Peter J. Cameron p.j.cameron@qmul.ac.uk 4-ICC, Auckland December 2008 This is part of an investigation involving, among others, Jo ao Ara ujo, eter Neumann, Jan Saxl, Csaba Schneider, Pablo

  1. Synchronization and permutation groups Peter J. Cameron p.j.cameron@qmul.ac.uk 4-ICC, Auckland December 2008

  2. This is part of an investigation involving, among others, Jo˜ ao Ara´ ujo, Π eter Neumann, Jan Saxl, Csaba Schneider, Pablo Spiga, and Ben Steinberg. Cristy Kazanidis, Nik Ruskuc, Colva Roney-Dougal, Ian Gent and Tom Kelsey have also been involved.

  3. This is part of an investigation involving, among others, Jo˜ ao Ara´ ujo, Π eter Neumann, Jan Saxl, Csaba Schneider, Pablo Spiga, and Ben Steinberg. Cristy Kazanidis, Nik Ruskuc, Colva Roney-Dougal, Ian Gent and Tom Kelsey have also been involved. There is far more material than can be presented here; I will talk about other aspects of this topic in Perth next month. See you there!

  4. This is part of an investigation involving, among others, Jo˜ ao Ara´ ujo, Π eter Neumann, Jan Saxl, Csaba Schneider, Pablo Spiga, and Ben Steinberg. Cristy Kazanidis, Nik Ruskuc, Colva Roney-Dougal, Ian Gent and Tom Kelsey have also been involved. There is far more material than can be presented here; I will talk about other aspects of this topic in Perth next month. See you there! See also Gordon Royle’s talk at this meeting for a more combinatorial approach.

  5. Automata An automaton is a machine which can be in any of a set of internal states which cannot be directly observed.

  6. Automata An automaton is a machine which can be in any of a set of internal states which cannot be directly observed. We can force the machine to make any desired sequence of transitions (each transition being a mapping from the set of states to itself).

  7. Automata An automaton is a machine which can be in any of a set of internal states which cannot be directly observed. We can force the machine to make any desired sequence of transitions (each transition being a mapping from the set of states to itself). We can represent an automaton as an edge-coloured directed graph, where the vertices are the states, and the colours are the transitions. We require that the graph should have exactly one edge of each colour leaving each vertex.

  8. Synchronization Suppose that you are given an automaton (whose structure you know) in an unknown state. You would like to put it into a known state, by applying a sequence of transitions to it. Of course this is not always possible!

  9. Synchronization Suppose that you are given an automaton (whose structure you know) in an unknown state. You would like to put it into a known state, by applying a sequence of transitions to it. Of course this is not always possible! A reset word is a sequence of transitions which take the automaton from any state into a known state; in other words, the composition of the corresponding transitions is a constant mapping.

  10. An example ← 1 2 . . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ↓ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . տ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ց . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . ց . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ↑ ր � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . . ✉ 4 3 ←

  11. An example ← 1 2 . . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ↓ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . տ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ց . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . ց . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ↑ ր � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ✉ . . . . . . . ✉ 4 3 ← You can check that (Blue, Red, Blue, Blue) is a reset word which takes you to room 3 no matter where you start.

  12. Applications ◮ Industrial robotics: pieces arrive to be assembled by a robot. The orientation is critical. You could equip the robot with vision sensors and manipulators so that it can rotate the pieces into the correct orientation. But it is much cheaper and less error-prone to regard the possible orientations of the pieces as states of an automaton on which transitions can be performed by simple machinery, and apply a reset word before the pieces arrive at the robot.

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