SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING RC ID: 1094_Group ID: 134 Indu Rajan Prajisha JP This OER created by Group ID: 134, RC ID: 1094 as part of FDP 210x is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International Madhav S License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
SUSTAINABILITY: WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR ENGINEERS?
Sustainability • Meeting society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland Commission, 1987) • Humans are integral part of the natural world and nature must be preserved.
Yes, engineers are part of the many environmental problem .
We’re also an integral part of the solution .
We’re also an integral part of the solution.
CONVENTIONAL ENGINEERING VS SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING • Engineering forms an interface between the design (i.e., the idea how to provide a sustainable solution to a technical problem) and Implementation and production. • Sustainable engineering is the process of using resources in a way that does NOT compromise the environment or deplete the materials for future generations.
….Continued. • Sustainable engineering strives to maintain sustainable principles in engineering activities such as: 1) Using methods that minimize environmental damage to provide sufficient food, water, shelter, and mobility for a growing world population 2) designing products and processes so that wastes from one are used as inputs to another.
Sustainable Engineering The overarching goal is to generate a balanced solution to any engineering problem.
Sustainable Engineering • Engineering forms an interface between the design (i.e., the idea how to provide a sustainable solution to a technical problem) and Implementation and production. • Sustainable engineering is the process of using resources in a way that does NOT compromise the environment or deplete the materials for future generations. • Sustainable engineering requires an interdisciplinary approach in all aspects of engineering. • All engineering fields should incorporate sustainability into their practice in order to improve the quality of life for all.
Measures for achieving Sustainable Development Promote Environmental Education and awareness Three ‘R’ approach – Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Use of appropriate Technology Utilize natural resources as per Carrying Capacity of environment Improving Quality of life 11
Three ‘R’ Approach
Framework to Measure Sustainable Development
DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING
Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development Technology in Agriculture • Promotion of environment-friendly farming Energy Technology practices (eg. Organic Farming) • Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Evolution of Solar panels (Drones) to monitor plant health as well • Wind turbines – Improved air- as spot illegal activities flow technology • Use of Mobile Applications for information • Bio-fuel (Fuel from garbage) regarding Farming • Combining solar and wind • Bio-technology and Genetic Engineering power for enhanced crop yields and better • Transition from incandescent Climate adaptability • Mechanical Traction for increased bulbs to CFL to LED productivity and savings in labour cost 17
Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development Environmental Technology • Sustainable wastewater treatment methods • Use of Catalytic convertors and Bio-medical Technology diesel particulate filters in vehicles to reduce Air pollution • Vaccination and • Pollution prevention and cleaner Immunisation programmes production to minimise waste generation • CO2 capture and Storage (CCS) in deep underground geological reservoirs and oceans 18
Nexus between Technology and Sustainable Development Communication and Information Technology Space Technology • Education Programmes • Satellite data for weather • Video-conferencing for remote telemedicine prediction and disaster mitigation 19
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) • Adopted at the U.N. Sustainable Development Summit on 25 September 2015 • Build on MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) adopted at the Millennium Summit of U.N. in 2000 • Also known as Global Goals • Target Period of 15 years for achieving goals (i.e. by 2030) • Consists of a set of 17 SDGs to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change by 2030 20
Credits: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ 21
Areas of Concern Air Water Waste Natural Resources 22
AIR POLLUTION • Air Mixture of atmospheric gases • Presence of foreign matter Air pollution 23
Composition of Clean Dry Air Credits: https://geology7a8a.wikispaces.com/ 24
Types of Air Pollution Natural and Anthropogenic Air Pollution Outdoor and Indoor Air Pollution Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants Air Pollution caused by Hazardous Air Pollutants Particulate Matter Pollution and Gaseous Air Pollution 25
Natural Anthropogenic • Volcanoes • Stationary Point (eg:- Industrial Chimneys) • Dust • Mobile Sources (eg:- Vehicular • Forest Fires Emissions) • Evaporative Sources (eg:- Paints, • Wetlands Solvents, etc.) 26
Outdoor Indoor • Smoking • Automobile Exhaust • Cooking • Industrial Emissions • Painting 27
Major Outdoor Air Pollutants:- Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) Oxides of Sulphur (SO x ) Groundlevel Ozone (GL O 3 ) Big Six Criteria Air Pollutants (as per US EPA ) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Lead (Pb) vapour 28
Primary Secondary • Formed by:- • Exists in the same form in which they are emitted to atmosphere Interaction of two or more Primary pollutants • Eg:- CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S, etc. Reaction between Primary air pollutant and other elements in atmosphere Photo-activation • Eg:- GL O 3 , Formaldehyde, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate), Photochemical Smog 29
Hazardous Air pollutants • Effects:- Cancer, Birth defects, neurological health issues, Reproductive issues • Eg:- Heavy Metals, Asbestos, Formaldehyde (in paints and solvents), Vinyl Chloride (in plastics) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) • Eg:- Acetone, Benzene, Ethylene glycol, Formaldehyde, Toluene, Xylene, etc. 30
Control Measures to reduce Air Pollution Determine Priority air pollutants Build tall stacks or chimneys Promotion of public transport, cycling Afforestation programmes Periodic air quality monitoring (NAAQS in India) Reducing conventional fuels and promoting Renewable Energy sources Reduction at Source – Catalytic convertors, Diesel particulate filters, Electrostatic precipitators, Sorption technique, etc. 31
National Air Quality Index Credits: CPCB, India 32
National Air Quality Index Credits: CPCB, India 33
WATER POLLUTION • Presence of foreign substances/impurities in water Water pollution • Renders it unfit for use 34
How much water is there on Earth? • Water covers more than 70% of earth’s surface Credits: http://www.thegeographeronline.net/water.html 35
WATER POLLUTION • Water Universal Solvent Dissolves minerals, metals and various pollutants • Increasing Population More pressure on Water resources Surface Water (Lakes, Rivers, Oceans) Both prone to Pollution Sub-surface Water (Stored in Aquifers) 36
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Point Source Non-point Source • Identified at single location • Diffused across a broad area • Eg:- Domestic and industrial • Eg:- Runoff from agricultural land, wastewater discharge mining area, etc. 37
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION Natural Anthropogenic • Rainwater • Oil Spills • Underground rocks • Industrial wastewater discharges • Volcanoes • Solid waste disposal 38
Common Water pollutants Inorganic Salts Colouring Materials Acids/Alkalis Toxic Chemicals Organic Matter Micro-organisms Radioactive Materials Suspended Solids Foam producing matter Floating Matter (Oil, Grease) Thermal Discharges 39
Control Measures to reduce Water pollution Appropriate wastewater treatment before discharge Using phosphate-free detergents; Reducing use of fertilizers Public Awareness Legislative Measures (Eg:- ‘Polluter - pays’ principle) 40
Methods of Sustainable Wastewater treatment Wastewater ponds (Lagooning) Constructed Wetlands Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) 41
SOLID WASTE Rubbish Garbage • Solid waste that will not putrefy • Solid waste that will putrefy • Eg:- Paper, plastic, rubber, glass, • Eg:- Fruits, fish, meat, metal, ceramics, etc. vegetables, etc 42
Waste generation in India each year (in tonnes) Credits: http://www.downtoearth.org.in/dte-infographics/ 43
Sources of Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Industrial Waste Biomedical/Hospital Wastes Hazardous Waste Agricultural Waste 44
Impacts of Solid Waste Impact on Land Environment Impact on Water Environment Impact on Air Environment Impact on Health 45
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