SUBMARINE POWER DISTRIBUTION BY SMART DC MICROGRID UDT 2020 Peter Rampen – Principal Research Engineer E&A
PAST DC ON SUBMARINE IN 1889 22 m, 77 / 85 mt 2x 22 kW electric propulsion speed: 7.8 / 3 kts 613 batteries (50 kg each, 30 mt total) only shore charging range 400 nmi (@ 3 kts) “Edison DC” 2
1. LIMITATION OF CURRENT DC SYSTEMS 2. SMART DC TECHNOLOGY 3. SUBMARINE SMART DC SOLUTIONS 4. TRADE OFF REVIEW 5. CONCLUSIONS AGENDA 3
NOW WALRUS CLASS POWER large variable voltage large currents DC motors 250..600Vdc very large circuit breakers all aux. loads on AC 400Vac 50Hz M G G lead acid lead acid “Edison DC+” (some solid state switchboard M converters) G 115Vac 400Hz M G Batteries determine DC voltage: all equipment rated for voltage range: current rating at min. voltage means 2x larger 4
NOW TODAY large variable voltage large currents aft zone fwd zone 250..600Vdc large DC circuit breakers 400Vac 400Vac some large loads on DC 50Hz 50Hz propulsion switchboard G main switchboard lead acid lead acid many others at AC or 24Vdc 250...600Vdc 250...600Vdc PM M 24Vdc 24Vdc G 2-split system for reliability not ideal Batteries determine DC voltage: all equipment rated for voltage range: current rating at min. voltage means 2x larger 5
NOW DC ON COMMERCIAL SURFACE VESSELS Fast charging Overnight charging shore connection connection ESS2 protection by fuses 450kW 20kW 90kWh batteries direct on DC bus (determine voltage level) ≈ 500-800V NC 8kW 8kW 24V M HVAC NO M M M 3kW BT Prop 1 Prop 2 50kW 70kW 700rpm 70kW 700rpm 1300rpm (100kW@1000rpm – (100kW@1000rpm – 1min) 1min) 6
NOW DC ON COMMERCIAL SURFACE VESSELS protection by fuses batteries via DC chopper 7
NOW DC PROTECTION Short-circuit energy stored in capacitors batteries e-machines low inductance and resistance no good standard for calculation very high & short current (arc flash) 8
NOW LIMITS OF TODAY DC SYSTEMS short circuit protection challenging with DC fuses: less predictable behavior, relative slow mechanical: large, relative slow, very special made energy stored in capacitors, batteries and electric machines, while “grid” has low impedance: so very high short circuits and arc flashes for high reliable system requires 2-split system most consumers AC supplied large grid converter floating DC bus voltage 2x oversized and special converter 9
1. LIMITATION OF CURRENT DC SYSTEMS 2. SMART DC TECHNOLOGY 3. SUBMARINE SMART DC SOLUTIONS 4. TRADE OFF REVIEW 5. CONCLUSIONS AGENDA 10
PARTIAL POWER CONVERTER converter rated for voltage difference (similar to AC autotransformer): example: 1000Vdc bus battery voltage: 900…1100V converter power rating: 10% of battery power practical cost saving is lower because of more complex topology much higher efficiency 11
HIGH-FREQUENCY DC TRANSFORMERS Edison's missing link large size reduction high efficiency (larger then normal grid converter) by resonance converter using soft- switching 12
CONTROL low level droop control droop line based on device type and priority Energy Management System 3 rd layer (EMS) tertiary control secondary control by configurating connections on Propulsion 2 nd layer Power Management System section/zone level control system secondary control (PMS) (PCS) on/off (consumers, sources and prosumers) 1 st layer based on power availability and priority speed volt volt. volt speed BMS primary control control contr. contr. contr. contr. balance demand vs production sub- Battery grid congestion management G M engine pack physical layer tertiary control electrical network: V optimize power system for operational objective (fuel efficiency, performance, ect.) 13
1. LIMITATION OF CURRENT DC SYSTEMS 2. SMART DC TECHNOLOGY 3. SUBMARINE SMART DC SOLUTIONS 4. TRADE OFF REVIEW 5. CONCLUSIONS AGENDA 14
PROPOSAL ESS ESS G ADP SSCB SSCB SSCB zonal ring distribution SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB protection by SiC based SSCB’s fix bus voltage connect batteries with (partial rated) converters zone 1 auxiliaries zone 2 auxiliaries zone 3 auxiliaries SSCB PM SSCB SSCB M primary control by voltage droop secondary control by priority (on/off, limitation) SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB realizes always two supply routes ESS ESS G system size reduction AIP very low short-circuit currents 15
PROPOSAL CONT. ESS ESS G ADP SSCB SSCB SSCB constrains SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB all connections should be active: no large current steps or inrush currents low voltage drop on cables zone 1 auxiliaries zone 2 auxiliaries zone 3 auxiliaries SSCB PM SSCB SSCB M non active consumers on separate grid (via “power gateway”) SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB SSCB ESS ESS G AIP 16
1. LIMITATION OF CURRENT DC SYSTEMS 2. SMART DC TECHNOLOGY 3. SUBMARINE SMART DC SOLUTIONS 4. TRADE OFF REVIEW 5. CONCLUSIONS AGENDA 17
WHAT IT BRINGS high safety level - low short circuit currents high availability – zonal ring (always two routes), decentralized power generation and storage reduction of volume – new semiconductors enabling hf converters, no AC grid, system rating based on average power level efficient system smart - full control and monitoring 18
1. LIMITATION OF CURRENT DC SYSTEMS 2. SMART DC TECHNOLOGY 3. SUBMARINE SMART DC SOLUTIONS 4. TRADE OFF REVIEW 5. CONCLUSIONS AGENDA 19
CONCLUSIONS Smart DC microgrid technology makes submarines grids: smaller safer more efficient smart Not “off - the shelve” available today However can be realized today 20
QUESTIONS? ASD TUG 2810 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 21
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