STRUCTURALISM: STRUCTURALISM: STRUCTURALISM: Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): •Established first Psychology Lab in •Established first Psychology Lab in Germany. Germany. •Defined psychology as the science of human •Defined psychology as the science of human mind and consciousness. mind and consciousness. •Used the method of objective introspection •Used the method of objective introspection to identify the basic mental elements. to identify the basic mental elements. Edward Titchener (1867-1927): Edward Titchener (1867-1927): •Transferred Wundt’s ideas to America. •Transferred Wundt’s ideas to America. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
FUNCTIONALISM FUNCTIONALISM FUNCTIONALISM William James William James William James (1842-1910): William James (1842-1910): •Published “Principles of Psychology” in •Published “Principles of Psychology” in 1890. The book covers a wide range of 1890. The book covers a wide range of topics, opening up the field of psychology. topics, opening up the field of psychology. •Opposed Wundt’s elemental approach, •Opposed Wundt’s elemental approach, believed that “consciousness is a constant believed that “consciousness is a constant flow”. flow”. •Believed that psychology should focus on •Believed that psychology should focus on the usefulness (or functions) of mental the usefulness (or functions) of mental (learning and perceptual) abilities -- (learning and perceptual) abilities -- functionalism. William James (1842-1910) functionalism. Psychology - Dr. Hsu
BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIORISM: John B. Watson John B. Watson John B. Watson (1878-1958): John B. Watson (1878-1958): •Argued strongly against structuralism and •Argued strongly against structuralism and contended that psychology should focus only on contended that psychology should focus only on measurable and observable behavior -- measurable and observable behavior -- behaviorism. behaviorism. •Defined psychology as the science of behavior. •Defined psychology as the science of behavior. •The task of psychologists is to establish the •The task of psychologists is to establish the laws of behavior: S (stimulus) ------ R laws of behavior: S (stimulus) ------ R (response). (response). •Believed in the dominant influence of learning •Believed in the dominant influence of learning and environment as opposed and heredity. John B. Watson (1878-1958) and environment as opposed and heredity. Psychology - Dr. Hsu
BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIORISM: B. F. Skinner B. F. Skinner B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): •A strong believer of behaviorism. •A strong believer of behaviorism. •Contributed enormously in the area of •Contributed enormously in the area of operant conditioning - learning by the operant conditioning - learning by the consequences of behavior. consequences of behavior. •Emphasized the roles of reinforcement and •Emphasized the roles of reinforcement and punishment in shaping and modifying punishment in shaping and modifying behavior. behavior. B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
PSYCHOANALYSIS: PSYCHOANALYSIS: PSYCHOANALYSIS: Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) •Founder of Psychoanalysis - a personality •Founder of Psychoanalysis - a personality theory and an approach to psychotherapy. theory and an approach to psychotherapy. •Stressed the importance of unconscious •Stressed the importance of unconscious motives. motives. •Emphasized the roles of early childhood •Emphasized the roles of early childhood experience (psychosexual stages). experience (psychosexual stages). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY: GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY: Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) •Focused on perception and how perception •Focused on perception and how perception influences thinking and problem solving. influences thinking and problem solving. •“Gestalt” means whole, configuration, pattern, •“Gestalt” means whole, configuration, pattern, and Gestalt psychologists illustrated how we and Gestalt psychologists illustrated how we tend to perceive separate pieces of information tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes. as integrated wholes. •Opposed Wundt’s approach in searching for •Opposed Wundt’s approach in searching for basic mental elements, because “the whole is basic mental elements, because “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”. more than the sum of its parts”. Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers Carl Rogers (1902-1987): Carl Rogers (1902-1987): •Founder of client-centered or person-centered •Founder of client-centered or person-centered therapy. therapy. •Believed that human nature is innately good. •Believed that human nature is innately good. •Emphasized the uniqueness of human, growth •Emphasized the uniqueness of human, growth potential, and human’s capacity for choice and potential, and human’s capacity for choice and health. health. •Emphasized the importance of each person’s •Emphasized the importance of each person’s subjective experience and perception of the subjective experience and perception of the world. world. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY: Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow A. Maslow (1908-1970): A. Maslow (1908-1970): •Proposed a hierarchy of human needs, from the •Proposed a hierarchy of human needs, from the lowest level of physiological needs to the lowest level of physiological needs to the highest level of self-actualization need. highest level of self-actualization need. •Studied individuals who exemplified self- •Studied individuals who exemplified self- actualization - who used their talents and actualization - who used their talents and abilities to their fullest. abilities to their fullest. •Believed each person’s potential in self- •Believed each person’s potential in self- actualization. actualization. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Psychology - Dr. Hsu
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: Computer Revolution Computer Revolution Computer Revolution Cognitive Psychology: Cognitive Psychology: •“Computer Revolution” advanced psychology •“Computer Revolution” advanced psychology in the study of thinking, mental processes, and in the study of thinking, mental processes, and problem solving. problem solving. •Cognitive psychologists apply information- •Cognitive psychologists apply information- processing approach to the study of human processing approach to the study of human cognition. cognition. •Cognitive psychologists believe that computer •Cognitive psychologists believe that computer can serve as a useful model for understanding can serve as a useful model for understanding how human processes information. how human processes information. Computer Revolution Psychology - Dr. Hsu
History of Psychology Time Span Pioneer / Main Event School of Thought Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism 1879 - 1910 William James Functionalism Edward Titchener Structuralism John B. Watson Behaviorism 1910 -1930 Max Wertheimer Gestalt Psychology Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis B. F. Skinner Behaviorism 1930 - 1970 Carl Rogers & A. Maslow Humanistic Psychology 1970 - Computer Revolution Cognitive Psychology Present Brain Research and Imaging Physiological Psychology Psychology - Dr. Hsu
Recommend
More recommend
