South Caucasian Agreement: Optimization and Lingering Mysteries - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

South Caucasian Agreement: Optimization and Lingering Mysteries Steven Foley • UC Santa Cruz srfoley@ucsc.edu

Georgian agreement • Infamously complex • Person ( π ) and number (#) agreement for Subjects and Objects • Templatic slots, morpheme complementarity • ‘ Inverse agreement ’ • Testing ground for many theories (Anderson 1992, Halle & Marantz 1993, Béjar & Rezac 2009, Blix 2016 … )

Georgian agreement • Optimization in morphology (Trommer 2000, Caballero & Inkelas 2013, Foley to appear) • One way to formalize blocking relationships • Balancing competing morphological constraints • Drive to express as many features as possible • An aversion towards redundancy ( multiple exponence )

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ …

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax- e v-nax- e — g-nax- e -t v-nax- e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax- e — nax- e gv-nax- e — nax- e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax- a g-nax- a nax- a gv-nax- a g-nax- a -t nax- a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax- e -t v-nax- e -t — g-nax- e -t v-nax- e -t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax- e -t — nax- e -t gv-nax- e -t — nax- e -t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax- es g-nax- es nax- es gv-nax- es g-nax- es nax- es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v -nax-e — g-nax-e-t v -nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v -nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v -nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g -nax-e v-nax-e — g -nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m -nax-e — nax-e gv -nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m -nax-a g -nax-a nax-a gv -nax-a g -nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g -nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g -nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m -nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv -nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es gv -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g -nax-e v -nax-e — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m -nax-e — nax-e gv -nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m -nax-a g -nax-a nax-a gv -nax-a g -nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e-t — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m -nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv -nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es gv -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ Observation 1 : g – g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ wins out over v – . … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g -nax-e v -nax-e — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m -nax-e — nax-e gv -nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m -nax-a g -nax-a nax-a gv -nax-a g -nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e-t — g -nax-e-t v -nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m -nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv -nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es gv -nax-es g -nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a-t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t — g-nax-e-t v-nax-e-t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e-t — nax-e-t gv-nax-e-t — nax-e-t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a- t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e- t — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e- t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e- t — nax-e- t gv-nax-e- t — nax-e- t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es

π -prefix Stem TAM -suffix #-suffix The data v – ‘ 1.S UBJ ’ nax ‘ see ’ –e ‘ AOR :1/2 ’ –t ‘ PL ’ m – ‘ 1 SG .O BJ ’ –a ‘ AOR :3 SG ’ … – es ‘ AOR :3 PL ’ gv – ‘ 1 PL .O BJ ’ Observation 2: 3 PL g – ‘ 2.O BJ ’ S UBJ s don’t get – t . … 1 SG .O BJ 2 SG .O BJ 3 SG .O BJ 1 PL .O BJ 2 PL .O BJ 3 PL .O BJ 1 SG .S UBJ — g-nax-e v-nax-e — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e 2 SG .S UBJ m-nax-e — nax-e gv-nax-e — nax-e 3 SG .S UBJ m-nax-a g-nax-a nax-a gv-nax-a g-nax-a- t nax-a 1 PL .S UBJ — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e- t — g-nax-e- t v-nax-e- t 2 PL .S UBJ m-nax-e- t — nax-e- t gv-nax-e- t — nax-e- t 3 PL .S UBJ m-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es gv-nax-es g-nax-es nax-es