South Asian relative-correlatives and unexpected particles Benjamin - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

South Asian relative-correlatives and unexpected particles Benjamin Slade [ b.slade@utah.edu ] Dept. of Linguistics University of Utah Annual Conference on South Asia Madison, Wisconsin Perspectives on South Asian Syntax: A panel in honor of Alice Davison and James W. Gair  October  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

Overview  Distribution of µ & κ particles κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond  “ever” free relatives crosslinguistically   Analysis of µ relative-correlatives  Analysis of κ relative-correlatives Burushaski & Nepali ( µ clause closing)   Development & Distribution of κ in RC-CCs Summary/Conclusion/References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

Distribution of µ & κ particles Distribution of µ & κ particles   κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond “ever” free relatives crosslinguistically   Analysis of µ relative-correlatives  Analysis of κ relative-correlatives Burushaski & Nepali ( µ clause closing)   Development & Distribution of κ in RC-CCs Summary/Conclusion/References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

Distribution of µ & κ particles “conjunctive”/“universal” and “disjunctive”/“existential” particles in select languages Superparticles In a number of languages, including Japanese, Sinhala, and Dravidian, we find particles from  series playing a wide variety of roles (Szabolcsi , , Slade , Mitrović , amongst others; cf. Reichenbach , Rohrer ). The µ -type (< Japanese mo ) appears in  &  environments; the κ -type (< Japanese ka ) in  &  (& ) environments. Japanese Dravidian Sinhala Nepali Hindi Hungarian µ -series mo um t pani bhī is, mind κ -series ka ō da (də), — — vagy … hō (hari) … Table: µ & κ series in select languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

Distribution of µ & κ particles Examples of µ environments Japanese Dravidian Sinhala Nepali Hindi Hungarian everyone, dare- mo ār- um kauru- t — — mind -en-ki anyone both A&B A- mo B- mo A- um B- um — A pani B pani A bhī B bhī mind A mind B P- t Q- t A is (és) B is A- mo A- um A- t A pani A bhī A is A too, even A Table: µ elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

Distribution of µ & κ particles Examples of κ environments Japanese Dravidian Sinhala Nepali Hindi Hungarian dare- ka ār- ō kau- də vala -ki someone — — dare-ga V… ka V-e…kau- də who Vs? — — — — A- ka B(- ka ) A- ō B- ō A- də B- də , ( vagy ) A vagy B A or B — — A- hari B- hari Table: κ elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond Distribution of µ & κ particles   κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond “ever” free relatives crosslinguistically   Analysis of µ relative-correlatives  Analysis of κ relative-correlatives Burushaski & Nepali ( µ clause closing)   Development & Distribution of κ in RC-CCs Summary/Conclusion/References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond Sinhala da in Classical Sinhala Usually appears in yes/no questions () To me suta Budun desannā āsūhu da ? gpn this sermon Buddha preach.pe.pcp.nom hear.pa.g da “Did you hear the Buddha preaching this sermon?” [ Amāvatura , Wijemanne : ] Sometimes but not always in wh- questions () Dæn paeviji væ kumaṭa kiyam da ? now ordained been what.da say.pe.g da “Now that I am a monk, why would I say it?” [ Amāvatura ] Appears in alternative questions () mā nuvaṭahu arabhayā kī dǣ nipan da no nipan da ? . . . my religious mendicant about said things o born da neg born da ? . . . “Did my predictions regarding the religious mendicant prove correct or did they not?”(th century, Amāvatura ) (Wijemanne : ) In non-interrogative contexts, hō appears rather than da yuvaraja-væ siṭiyavun hō rāja-kumāra-varun hō bisōvarun hō () . . . . . . heir-apparent hō princes hō queen hō . . . . . . “Either the heir-apparent . . . or the princes . . . or the queen” (th c. inscription; Wickremasinghe et al. –: ii.B - ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond Relative-Correlatives in Classical Sinhala & Dravidian Structure Relative-correlatives in Classical (& modern literary) Sinhala always involve a “clause-closing” particle. The same is true in (modern) South/South-Central Dravidian (Hock , , ). These “clause-closing” particles are da in Sinhala and ō in Dravidian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond Early Sinhala & Dravidian relative-correlatives Classical Sinhala () [ yamak’hu paḷamu diṭim ] c -da [ ohu marā …] cc [  .mc.g.acc firstly see.g ] c -da [ him kill.con …] cc “ Whoever i I see first, I shall kill him i …” ( Amāvatura , Wijemanne :) Malayalam [ ārə manassə aṭakkunnuv ] -ō [ avaṉṉə samādhānam kiṭṭunnu ] () [ who mind control.pe ] c - ō [ he.da peace obtain.pe ] cc “ Whoever i controls his mind, he i obtains peace.” (Asher & Kumari :) both κ -series elements: Sinhala da , Malayalam ō . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 

κ in Sinhala & Dravidian: relative clauses & beyond “Ever” relative-correlatives in other Indo-Aryan languages Hindi [ jab bhī dillī jātā hū̃ ] [ tab hindī hī () [ .when bhī Delhi go.impf.mc.g be.g.pe ] [ then Hindi emph boltā hū̃ ] speak.impf.mc.g be.g.pe ] “Whenever I go to Delhi, (then) I speak Hindi, of course.” (McGregor . rd edn.: ) Nepali () [ jahilesukai usko ghar gae ] pani [ uslāī kahile pani [ .whenever his house go.pefpcp.g ] pani [ him sometime pani bheṭ hũdaina ] meet be.neg.pe.g ] “Whenever you go to his house, you can never meet him.” (Mahews : ) both µ -series elements: Hindi bhī , Nepali pani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Slade (Uni. of Utah) Sinhala relative-correlatives & unexpected particles ACSA--SA Syntax/Davison-Gair  / 