Solar Cells using Carbon Nanotubes Mark Bissett, Lachlan Larsen, Daniel Tune, Ben Flavel Ingo Köper, Jamie Quinton, Joe Shapter School of Chemical and Physical Sciences Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology Flinders University
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Some Possible Applications 18 Current Density ( m A/cm 2 ) 16 14 12 10 8 Filtration/ 6 Desalination 4 2 0 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Applied Field (V/ m m) Field New Solar Emission Cells M. A. Bissett and Joseph G. Shapter J. Physical Chemistry C 114 , 6778 – 6783 (2010). C. J. Shearer et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2008. 18 : p. 5753 – 5760. Daniel D. Tune et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 (10) 1665-1672 (2010). Kristina T. Constantopoulos et al. Advanced Materials 22 557-571 (2010). Leo Velleman et al. Journal of Membrane Science 328 121-126 (2009).
Richard Smalley’s View Problems to be solved 1. Energy 2. Water 3. Food 4. Environment 5. Poverty 6. Terrorism and war 7. Disease Richard E. Smalley, ―Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge‖ 8. Education MRS Bulletin 30 412 – 417 (2005). 9. Democracy Frontiers of Materials Research presentation given on December 2, 2004. 10. Population
Possible Energy Sources Hydroelectric Solar (PV, Collectors, etc.) Tidal or Wave Geothermal Biofuels Wind Fossil Fuels Nuclear
Photovoltaic Approaches
Dye Solar Cells Kongkanand et al. Nano Lett. 7, 676 (2007) P. Calandra et al. Int. J. Photoenergy 109495 2010 .
Nanotube Modification Chemistry N3 Dye or Porphyrin J. Yu et al. JACS 130 8788 – 96 (2008).
Dendrimer Chemistry B. F. Pan et al., Nanotechnology 2006, 17 (10), 2483-2489.
Solar Cell Output Dendrimer System M. Bissett et al. PCCP 13 6059 – 6064 (2011).
Composition of the Working Electrode • A layer of dibenzo[b,def]chrysene (DBC) was deposited onto the SWCNT/FTO electrode. • Why DBC? – It is photoactive DBC – It has a conjugated electron system • Therefore should π - π stack well with the SWCNTs already on the electrode • with Scott Watkins, CSIRO L. Larsen et al. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 235 72-76 (2012).
Performance of a DBC/SWCNT/FTO Electrode DBC Effects: Large increases in V OC , J SC , FF and efficiency. The efficiency has increased by 25 × that of a standard electrolyte cell. L. Larsen et al. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 235 72-76 (2012).
Performance of a DBC/SWCNT/FTO Electrode L. Larsen et al. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 235 72-76 (2012).
New Solar Cell Architecture AM1.5G nanotube film Ti/Au front electrode steel SiOx n-silicon GaIn eutectic
New Solar Cell Architecture
Nanotube Membranes Compress at 100ºC for 30 mins Remove then acetone bath to remove MCE excess MCE membrane membrane
Solar Cells nanotube film Voltage (V) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Ti/Au 0 -2 SiOx Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -4 n-Si -6 GaIn -8 -10 R S V OC J SC Treatment ( Ω/□ ) (mA/cm 2 ) (V) -12 as prepared 490 0.23 5.9 -14 as prepared -16 -18 -20
Solar Cells film post nanotube film Voltage (V) treatment 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Ti/Au 0 -2 SiOx Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -4 n-Si -6 GaIn -8 -10 R S V OC J SC Treatment ( Ω/□ ) (mA/cm 2 ) (V) -12 as prepared 490 0.23 5.9 -14 as prepared HF 90 0.15 1.8 -16 HF -18 -20
Solar Cells film post nanotube film Voltage (V) treatment 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Ti/Au 0 -2 SiOx Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -4 n-Si -6 GaIn -8 -10 R S V OC J SC Treatment ( Ω/□ ) (mA/cm 2 ) (V) -12 as prepared 490 0.23 5.9 as prepared -14 HF 90 0.15 1.8 HF -16 SOCl 2 130 0.15 2.0 SOCl2 -18 -20
Solar Cells film post nanotube film Voltage (V) treatment 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Ti/Au 0 -2 SiOx Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -4 n-Si -6 GaIn -8 -10 R S V OC J SC Treatment ( Ω/□ ) (mA/cm 2 ) (V) -12 as prepared 490 0.23 5.9 as prepared -14 HF 90 0.15 1.8 HF -16 SOCl2 SOCl 2 130 0.15 2.0 HF HF 45 0.35 16.6 -18 -20
Solar Cells Voltage (V) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 nanotube film 0 Ti/Au Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -5 SiOx n-Si -10 GaIn -15 2.5 uL 10 uL 20 uL 40 uL -20 80 uL 100 uL 120 uL -25
Solar Cells 25 0.5 0.25 140 Short circuit current density (mA/cm 2 ) 0.45 120 Open circuit voltage (V) 20 0.4 0.2 Sheet resistance ( Ω / □ ) 100 0.35 Abs @ 550 nm 15 0.3 0.15 80 0.25 60 10 0.2 0.1 0.15 40 5 0.1 0.05 20 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 m L of nanotube solution m L of nanotube solution
Solar Cells 35 0.8 JSC 0.7 30 nanotube film Eff% J SC (mA/cm 2 ) & efficiency (%) 0.6 25 Ti/Au VOC 0.5 SiOx FF 20 FF & V OC (V) n-Si 0.4 15 GaIn 0.3 10 0.2 5 0.1 0 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Gold thickness (nm)
Solar Cells 1 Voltage (V) Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 SWNTs – 0.18 cm 2 0 -5 Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -10 -15 -20 nanotube film -25 -30 Ti/Au -35 1 - 5.7% SiOx -40 n-Si -45 GaIn -50 Hu, L., et al., Percolation in Transparent and Conducting Carbon Nanotube Networks. Nano Letters, 2004. 4 (12): p. 2513-2517
Solar Cells 1 Voltage (V) Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 SWNTs – 0.18 cm 2 0 -5 2 Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -10 -15 Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 SWNTs – 0.32 cm 2 -20 nanotube film -25 -30 Ti/Au -35 1 - 5.7% SiOx 2 - 8.9% -40 n-Si -45 GaIn -50 Hu, L., et al., Percolation in Transparent and Conducting Carbon Nanotube Networks. Nano Letters, 2004. 4 (12): p. 2513-2517
Solar Cells 1 Voltage (V) Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 SWNTs – 0.18 cm 2 0 -5 2 Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -10 -15 Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 SWNTs – 0.32 cm 2 -20 -25 -30 3 1 - 5.7% -35 2 - 8.9% 3 - 5.6% -40 Silicon – 0.08 cm 2 SWNTs – 0.49 cm 2 -45 -50 Hu, L., et al., Percolation in Transparent and Conducting Carbon Nanotube Networks. Nano Letters, 2004. 4 (12): p. 2513-2517
Solar Cells
Solar Cells — Latest Design
Solar Cells — Latest Design with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
UV-Vis Sorted Nanotubes M 11 S 22 with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell Bachilo, S.M., et al., Structure-Assigned Optical Spectra of with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Science, 2002. 298 (5602): p. 2361-2366 of Technology (KIT), Germany
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell Voltage (V) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0 Current density (mA/cm 2 ) -5 -5 -10 -10 -15 -15 -20 -20 unsorted - 0.07% unsorted - 2.9% enriched - 0.12% enriched - 4.8% -25 -25 with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
What’s Next Nanotubes can be used to make effective solar cells. They could lead to transparent flexible solar cells. Type of nanotube used will be important. Work is continuing to find ways to increase performance. Thanks to the ARC, AMMRF, ARNAM, ARCNN, ANFF, Flinders for Funding
Providing nano and micro-fabrication facilities for Australia’s researchers
Polymer Solar Cell with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
Nanotube Attachment Mark A. Bissett and Joseph G. Shapter Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158 K53 - K57 (2011).
Nanotube PV Response Mark A. Bissett and Joseph G. Shapter J. Physical Chemistry C 114 , 6778 – 6783 (2010).
Solar Cell Output — N3 Cells Mark A. Bissett and Joseph G. Shapter Journal of The Electrochemical Society 158 K53 - K57 (2011).
Solar Cell Output — Comparison
Dendrimer Chemistry O O O CH 3 H 3 C O O H 2 N O N + NH 2 Ethylenediamine N Methyl Acrylate O H 3 C O O O CH 3 G-0.5 PAMAM Dendrimer M. Bissett et al. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13 6059 – 6064 (2011).
Dendrimer Chemistry M. Bissett et al. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13 6059 – 6064 (2011).
Multilayer Deposition D. Tune et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 1665-1672 (2010).
Multilayer Deposition D. Tune et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 1665-1672 (2010).
Multilayer Deposition D. Tune et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 1665-1672 (2010).
Solar Cells h + e - p-type nanotube n-type silicon membrane
Polymer Solar Cell Solar Cells with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
UV-Vis Unsorted Nanotubes M 11 S 22
CNT-Polymer Solar Cell with Ralph Krupke, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
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