Smart Cities: potential & challenges Andrea Zanella HUMAN INSPIRED TECHNOLOGIES Research Center zanella@dei.unipd.it SIGNET SIG NAL PROCCESING AND NET WORKING Lab International Congress of Systems Engineering CIIS 2018 – Lima - Perù
From Lima to Padova 2
Smart Cities : potential & challenges
One (supposedly) successful story Most popular papers in IEEEXplore Digital Library since May 2014 up to now 4
The key to success 5
The fundamental question … What is a Smart City? 6
Your point of view 2. A more efficient city, with 3. A modern city that 1. An ideal place, where life is more fluid traffic, reduced applies cutting-edge good, air is clean, and there is pollution, increased safety, information and no traffic … and all people work fast and slim communication and live together in harmony, bureaucracy, ... no matter technologies to collect cooperating for a better world how all this is obtained data, process data, http://www.bournmoor.durham.sch.uk/globe-heart/ provide digital services … https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ no matter which services Diane_Cook2 https://internetofbusiness.com/toronto-pilots-new-smart-city-technologies/ 7
High level Smart City goals Reduce OPEX of public admin Improve Increase quality transparency of public • Active participation services • New services Make a better use of public resources 8
Smart Cities : potential & challenges
The 6 pillars of city smartness Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 10
On-line public services access today (in Italy) 11
E-government Medical records Financial statements Patrimonial assets One single digital platform 12
E-government ¨ For the citizens ¤ Easy access to all their data (personal, fiscal, education, medical,…) ¤ Avoid misalignments among different databases ¤ Reduce waste of time (and frustration) of interaction with public offices 13
E-government ¨ For the public admin ¤ Easy access to collective demographic data, corporate data, urban spatial occupancy data, spontaneous communities, … ¤ Reduce costs by exploiting the Infrastructure/Platform/Software-as-a- Service (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) paradighms 14
Smart city services: smart citizens Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 15
Citizens engagement ¨ To justify investments, public administrators need to make clear to citizens the long-term vision and the expected return ¨ Citizens must become an integer part of the Smart City 16
Involving citizens in decision making processes Easy access to city- related information • Traffic, pollution, schools population, criminality,… Digital platforms to collect opinions, Active contribution suggestions, to public services requests Engagement 17
Example: amsterdam mobypark ¨ Amsterdam Smart City Challenge ¨ Mobypark app ¤ owners of parking spaces rent them out to people for a fee ¤ data generated from this app can then be used by the City to determine parking demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam 18
Smart city services: smart mobility Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 19
Traffic monitoring ¨ Many cities already use traffic monitoring cameras in critical points ¨ Real time accurate traffic monitoring can help ¤ administration to discipline traffic and better public transport services ¤ citizens to better plan their trip to office ¤ street police to promptly detect anomalies in traffic ¨ Furthermore, traffic flows tell a lot about the city ¤ Number and origin of inbound/outbound commuters ¤ Crossing traffic ¤ City night life… 20
Smart Parking ¨ Place sensors on each parking lot ¨ Place intelligent boards along the streets ¨ Provide app for smartphones 21
Example: smart mobility in Barcelona ¨ New bus network ¤ vertical, horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges, based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona ¨ Smart traffic lights ¤ turn green as buses run ¤ set up a green-light path in case of emergency, through a mix of GPS and traffic management software 22
Smart city services: smart utility Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 23
Smart lighting ¨ Place sensors on street lamps along the road ¨ Optimize the light intensity according to ¤ Time of the day ¤ weather conditions ¤ presence of people ¨ Automatically find burned bulbs ¤ Reduce replacement time ¤ Reduce costs ¨ Provide WiFi access http://powertuningegypt.com/Smart%20Street%20Lighting%20Systems.html 24
Smart city services: smart buildings Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 25
Smart buildings ¨ Monitoring of conditions of (historical) building ¤ Polluting levels ¤ Humidity/temperature ¤ Vibrations ¤ Tension sensors in the structure ¨ Improve energy efficiency ¤ Control temperature, humidity, lighting to enhance comfort while reducing costs ¨ Keep an eye on structural health of the building ¤ E.g., schools, historical buildings… 26
Comfort and healthiness of living environments ¨ Closed room ¤ CO 2 < 600 ppm ¤ CO 2 >1000 ppm ¤ CO 2 >2500 ppm ¨ Experimental study: school Coletti Feb/2009 ¤ CO 2 level n after 30 min à 1950 ppm n opening the window for 5 min à 800 ppm n outdoor à 600 ppm 27
Smart living environments ¨ Same comfort level can be achieved by different Humidity, combinations of humidy & HVAC Temperature, Light sensors temperature ¨ Smart comfort control algorithm finds the configuration that provides the desired comfort Smart level by minimizing the power comfort consumption of Heating control Ventilation Air Conditioning (HVAC) system 28
Smart city services: smart environment Smart Governance Smart Smart Environment Citizens Smart Smart Buildings Mobility Smart Utilities 29
Waste management ¨ Intelligent waste containers ¤ Detect level of load ¤ Check quality of garbage ¤ Communicate with Internet ¨ Optimize collector trucks route ¤ Reduce costs ¤ Improve efficiency ¤ Reduce pollution 30
Smart Cities : potential & challenges
Smart City Service Requirements Place-&- Little Low Cost Play maintenance Ubiquito Very Simple us long Hardwa coverag battery re e life Zero Massive Very configura producti low fault tion on rate Remote control & sw 32 update
Three main approaches Short-range multihop • ZigBee • WiFi low energy • RFID Cellular • GSM • LTE-A/NB-IoT • 5G Low Power Wide Area LPWAN Networks (LPWAN) gateway • SIGFOX Internet NetServer • Neul LPWAN • LoRa gateway 33
Short range multihop Pros Cons Instability Low energy Troublesome consumption maintenance Very cheap High complexity of large networks 34
Cellular-based solutions Pros Cons Easy integration with rest of the world Architectural limits Well-established technology Energy efficiency Almost ubiquitous coverage Costs Long range 35
LPWAN Pros Cons Low power Long delays Very long range Low bitrate Low cost 36
Who is the winner? ¨ Complementary technologies for different services ¨ Very likely we will need all of them ¨ Integration MUST occur at upper layers 37
PILOTS AND TRIALS http://www.keepcalmstudio.com/gallery/poster/L90JKS 38
S0 S06 S0 S04 S07 S0 S0 S03 S0 S02 S05 S0 S0 S01 WSN SN gateway benze zene se senso sor Padova Smart City 39
PSC: the players Padova • Funding, infrastructure, municipality political support • Architecture design • Data analysis • IoT software implementation, testbed realization • Prototype nodes manufacturing Padova Smart City 40
The project in a nutshell ¨ What : Smart lighting and environmental monitoring ¨ How : TmoteSky sensors + 6lowPAN + basic web app 41
PSC: architecture 42
Nodes placement Sensor node protected by transparent plastic shield that permits air circulation 43
Nodes’ location on the map S0 S08 S0 S06 S0 S04 S07 S0 S0 S03 S0 S02 S0 S05 S01 S0 WSN SN gateway benze zene se senso sor 44
Example of light readings Daytime (saturation) Nighttime 45
Variance analysis Flickering … 6 3.4 x 10 6 10 Nighttime only 3.2 S01 S02 3 S03 Signal variance 5 S04 10 S05 Signal variance 2.8 S06 S07 4 S08 10 2.6 2.4 3 10 2.2 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S08 Sensor 2 10 10/29 11/05 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/03 12/10 12/17 46 Time [days] 46
Pollution and weekdays… Rain shower (traffic peak) 80 30 80 30 70 25 70 25 Relative Humidity [%] 60 20 Benzene [ � g/m 3 ] Relative Humidity [%] 60 20 Benzene [ � g/m 3 ] 50 15 50 15 40 10 40 10 30 5 30 5 20 0 h.06 h.06 h.12 h.12 h.18 h.18 h.24 h.24 h.06 h.06 h.12 h.12 h.18 h.18 h.24 h.24 20 0 Time [hours] h.06 h.06 h.12 h.12 h.18 h.18 h.24 h.24 h.06 h.06 h.12 h.12 h.18 h.18 h.24 h.24 Time [hours] 47
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