Session Program 1. Risk assessment – Introduction and concepts 2. Risk assessment process 3. Risk assessment exercise and group work 4. Conclusions 1
1. Risk Assessment. Introduction and concepts Process of identifying workplace hazards, evaluating risks to workers’ safety and health and control the relevant hazards. 2
Hazard & Risk 3
Hazard and Risk • a hazard is anything that may cause harm. A hazard has the inherent potential to cause harm e.g. chemicals, electricity, working from ladders, a trailing cable, fire, unsafe buildings etc. • the risk is the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by a hazard, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be 4
Main categories of hazards • Safety hazards associated with gravity (falls of people and objects); moving parts of plant/machinery and/or their loads, vehicles; electricity, fires. • Chemical hazards, arising from liquids, solids, fumes, and gases. • Physical hazards, such as noise, vibration, unsatisfactory lighting, radiation and extreme temperatures. • Biological hazards, such as bacteria, viruses, infectious waste, etc. • Psychological hazards such as job content, harassment, work demand, lack of control. • Ergonomic hazards such as awkward postures, repetitiveness, long period standing. 5
Determining risk? • The risk is the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by hazards, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be - Likelihood of occurrence- increases the risk - Severity of injury - increases the risk - Numbers of workers exposed - increases the risk • Risk matrices can be used to quantify risk and thus assist in prioritizing actions 6
Likelihood Estimate the likelihood of occurrence Hazard Value likelihood Continual or repeating experience. Almost 5 certain Common occurrence. Likely 4 Possible or known to occur. Possible 3 Not likely to occur under normal circumstances. Unlikely 2 Not expected to occur but still possible. Rare 1 7
Consequences Estimate the consequences of each hazard according to its potential of the harm Hazard Value Consequences Negligible injury. Insignificant 1 Requiring first-aid only (includes minor cuts and Minor 2 bruises, irritation, ill-health with temporary discomfort). Injury or ill-health requiring medical treatment (includes Moderate 3 lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures, dermatitis and work-related upper limb disorders). Serious injuries or life-threatening occupational Major 4 diseases (includes amputations, major fractures, multiple injuries, occupational cancers, acute poisoning, disabilities and deafness). Death, fatal diseases or multiple major injuries. Disaster 5 8
Risk Matrix Consequences Likelihood Insignificant 1 Minor 2 Moderate 3 Major 4 Severe 5 Almost certain 5 Medium 5 High 10 Extreme 15 Extreme 20 Extreme 25 Likely 4 Medium 4 Medium 8 High 12 Extreme 16 Extreme 20 Possible 3 Low 3 Medium 6 High 9 High 12 Extreme 15 Unlikely 2 Low 2 Medium 4 Medium 6 Medium 8 High 10 Rare 1 Low 1 Low 2 Low 3 Medium 4 Medium 5 3 or less residual risk Low, 4 – 8 residual risk Medium, 9 – 12 residual risk High, 15 or higher residual risk Extreme 9
Hazards with long-term effects Material • Chemical agents • Physical agents • Biological agents Dose (environmental concentration x exposure time) • Task-related hazards (muskulo- skeletal disorders, repetitive tasks, …) Psicosocial 10
2. Risk assessment process 5 steps to risk assessment 1. Identify the hazard and why present 2. Decide who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risk – Identify and decide on the safety and health risk control measures 4. Record the findings and implement them 5. Review the assessment and update if necessary 11
5 steps of risk assessment European Agency Health and Safety of Safety and Executive Health at Work Identifying hazards and 1. Identify the hazards 1. those at risk 2. Decide who might be Evaluating and harmed and how 2. prioritizing risks 3. Evaluate the risks and Deciding on preventive decide on precautions 3. action 4. Record your significant Taking action findings 4. Monitoring and 5. Review your assessment 5. reviewing and update if necessary 12
Hazard identification Process of finding and identifying: - hazardous agents (situations, products etc.) that could contribute to provoking an occupational accident or/and disease - the groups of workers potentially exposed to these hazards. 13
2.1. Identify the hazard • Walk about - identify what could be expected to cause harm, look, listen, smell .. • Watch the work activity understand why its necessary • Talk to those who work in the area • Compare equipment operating instructions, accepted systems of work to actual working practices • Accident history 14
Hazard sources • OSH legislation, codes of practices, guidance documents provided by national and international institutions and organizations. • Information from national, sectoral or enterprises statistics on the prevalent occupational accident or/and diseases and the hazards involved. Information or safety data sheets provided by manufacturers and • suppliers of machinery, equipment, tools, products and substances. • Information from the workers, workers’ representatives and joint OSH committee through consultations, observations, complaints, etc. • Workplace and job inspections and analysis. • Review of history of accidents (including incidents and “near misses”) and occupational illnesses, accident/disease investigations and data from workers' health surveillance, undertaken in the enterprise or in other enterprises. Advice, opinions and judgment of competent internal and external OSH • professionals 15
Examples of hazards that commonly cause injuries (i) • Falls – This includes falls from and falls into/onto, i.e. from ladders & roofs, into reservoirs & trenches, onto sharp objects • Transport -Material handling equipment – Reversing vehicles, lifting loads & persons, excessive speed • Mechanical hazards – Unguarded cutting tools, e.g. Circular saws, hand held grinders. – Unguarded belt and pulley drives e.g. on generators – Being struck by ejected parts e.g. split rims when changing tires 16
Examples of hazards that commonly cause injuries (ii) • Slips and trips – Poor house keeping, many falls are initiated by a slip or trip, lack of banisters • Manual handling – Lifting, carrying, pushing heavy loads e.g. warehouse activities, manual mixing of concrete, poorly maintained handling aids • Electricity – Electric shock, ignition, overheating/fire, unexpected start up, failure to operate • Fire and explosion – Burns, smoke inhalation 17
Examples of hazards that commonly cause injuries (iii) • Chemicals – Cleaning materials, fuels, lubricants, degreasers, acids • Dusts – Wood dust, stone dust • Noise and vibration – Generators, fuel pumps, concrete breakers, chainsaws • Pressure – Airlines, hydraulic hoses, autoclaves • Biological – Blood, pathogens, excrement • Temperature – Hot and/or cold 18
2.2. Decide who might be harmed and how • Who: Group workers exposed to the hazard i.e. riggers, warehouse staff • How can be harmed: i.e. store men may suffer back injury from repeated lifting of boxes - knowledge about health risks of these agents - the routes and patterns of exposure (how they may be harmed). • Some workers have particular requirements. 19
2.3. Evaluate the risk – Identify and decide on OSH risk control measures Consider the following steps 1. Can the work activity / hazard be removed?? 2. Evaluate the risk. Remember: risk = severity x likelihood 3. Do the current controls sufficiently reduce the risk so harm is unlikely? 4. If not, what further controls are needed?? 20
Evaluation of risk 21
Likelihood Estimate the likelihood of occurrence Hazard Value likelihood Continual or repeating experience. Almost 5 certain Common occurrence. Likely 4 Possible or known to occur. Possible 3 Not likely to occur under normal circumstances. Unlikely 2 Not expected to occur but still possible. Rare 1 22
Consequences Estimate the consequences of each hazard according to its potential of the harm Hazard Value Consequences Negligible injury. Insignificant 1 Requiring first-aid only (includes minor cuts and Minor 2 bruises, irritation, ill-health with temporary discomfort). Injury or ill-health requiring medical treatment (includes Moderate 3 lacerations, burns, sprains, minor fractures, dermatitis and work-related upper limb disorders). Serious injuries or life-threatening occupational Major 4 diseases (includes amputations, major fractures, multiple injuries, occupational cancers, acute poisoning, disabilities and deafness). Death, fatal diseases or multiple major injuries. Disaster 5 23
Risk Matrix Consequences Likelihood Insignificant 1 Minor 2 Moderate 3 Major 4 Severe 5 Almost certain 5 Medium 5 High 10 Extreme 15 Extreme 20 Extreme 25 Likely 4 Medium 4 Medium 8 High 12 Extreme 16 Extreme 20 Possible 3 Low 3 Medium 6 High 9 High 12 Extreme 15 Unlikely 2 Low 2 Medium 4 Medium 6 Medium 8 High 10 Rare 1 Low 1 Low 2 Low 3 Medium 4 Medium 5 3 or less residual risk Low, 4 – 8 residual risk Medium, 9 – 12 residual risk High, 15 or higher residual risk Extreme 24
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