Session 1: A Window to Your DPV Future Hawaii Experience Grid System Technologies Advanced Research Team Marc M. Matsuura, PE Leon R. Roose, Esq. Sr. Smart Grid Program Manager, Grid START Principal & Chief Technologist, Grid START Hawaii Natural Energy Institute School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East-West Road, POST 109 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Asia Edge Power Sector Learning Series A P RACTITIONER ' S G UIDE TO I MPLEMENTING S OLAR R OOFTOP P ROGRAMS AND N AVIGATING N ET -M ETERING P OLICIES July 9, 2020 9:00AM ICT (via Webinar) Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 1
Hawaii’s isolation has long posed a serious Challenge In 2008, 8, near arly ly 90% of Hawaii’s 100% % of the energy gy was met crude de oil for the using g foss ssil il fuels ls State is importe ted Threa eat to Hawaii’s: Secu curity ty • Env nvironme nment • Econ onomy omy • Hawaii ranks #1 in U.S. electric energy costs: 47.1 cents/kWh Molokai 45.9 cents/kWh Lanai 41.9 cents/kWh Hawaii 37.8 cents/kWh Maui 35.5 cents/kWh Oahu • 2 (Avg. residential rates for 2014) 11 - 12 cents/kWh U.S. avg. Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 2
Hawaii’s Progressive Clean Energy Policy Leadership Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) The State of Hawaii, US DOE, and local utility launched HCEI in January 2008 to transform Hawaii to a 70% clean energy economy by 2030: • Increasing Hawaii’s economic and energy security • Fostering and demonstrating Hawaii’s innovation • Developing Hawaii’s workforce of the future • Becoming a clean energy model for the U.S. and the world Strong Hawaii Policies Highest RPS Target in the United States 100% by 2045 (2015 - 15%; 2020 - 30%, 2030 – 40%, 2040 – 70%) Key implementing policies: • Tax incentives • Net metering • Feed in tariffs • Decoupling Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 3
Progress Toward A Clean Energy Future Hawaiian Electric Companies Hawaii RPS Goals 2015 - 15% 2020 - 30% 2030 - 40% 2040 - 70% 2045 - 100% Loss of Geothermal Production (May 2018) Source: Hawaiian Electric Sustainability Report 2019-2020 Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 4
Installed PV Capacity - HECO Companies (2005 to 2019) ~ 60% of total RE production ½ System Peak Load Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 5
Hawaii Electric Systems – 4 Electric Utilities; 6 Separate Grids; % Renewable Energy Kaua ʻ i Island Utility Cooperative (2019 Yr.-end) Maui Electric (2019 Yr.-end) System Peak: 78 MW Maui System Peak: 206 MW Maui (Approved) 100 MW PV* / 7 MW Biomass / 9 MW Hydro 119 MW PV* / 72 MW Wind *60 MW PV + 240 MWh BESS Installed PV: 128% of Sys. Peak Installed PV & Wind: 1 MW PV 95% of Sys. Peak 0.735 MW PV Lana’i System Peak: 5.1 MW 3.8 MW PV (75% of Sys. Peak) Kaua’i Oʻahu Moloka’i System Peak: 5.6 MW 100% Moloka’i (Approved) 80% of state population 2.3 MW PV* (41% of Sys. Peak) *2.3 MW PV + 15 MWh BESS 60% Molokaʻi Hawaiian Electric (2019 Yr.-end) Maui System Peak: 1,216 MW 77% 674 MW PV* / 99 MW Wind* / Hawaii Electric Light (2019 Yr.-end) Lanaʻi Hawaiʻi 69 MW WTE / 168 MW Biofuel System Peak: 191 MW Installed PV & Wind: 103 MW PV* / 31 MW Wind / 64% of Sys. Peak 38 MW Geothermal* / 17 MW Hydro 67% Installed PV & Wind: *24 MW Wind (in construction) 70% of Sys. Peak 5 MW PV (Approved) 3.5 MW PV (Approved) *1 MW PV (in construction) 12.5 MW PV + 50 MWh BESS (Approved) Renewable Energy Peak 2 x 30 MW PV + 120 MWh BESS (Approved) 52 MW PV + 208 MWh BESS (Approved) Daily Production in 2019 Geothermal Plant not in operation due to 39 MW PV + 156 MWh BESS (Approved) (e.g. occurred on 11/28/19) volcanic eruption 36 MW PV + 144 MWh BESS (Approved) Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 6
How Much DG PV can we Connect on a Feeder? A Lot! • Many lessons already learned – leverage it • PV inverters have matured • Grid Codes are key • Reverse Power Flow is the new normal Embrace it! Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 7
Evolution of Hosting Capacity “Limits” Pre- 2013, in the early days of rooftop PV …. • 15% of circuit Peak Load – Historical utility “Rule -of- Thumb” for synchronous generation • In the past, utilities only tracked circuit peaks for planning *DML = Net min load (metered) + 75% of installed PV capacity Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 8
Circuit Hosting “Limits” Began Quickly Rising In 2012- 13, a series of “representative studies” were conducted using detailed distribution circuit models …. • 50%, 75%, 100% of circuit Daily Minimum Load (DML) – Utility established a new feeder penetration metric: % of DML – Study results gave the utility confidence to raise (conservatively) their PV hosting limits system wide across all circuits without conducting expensive/lengthy project specific interconnection requirements studies • 120% of DML – Dynamics modeling and lab tests revealed higher than acceptable transient over voltages (TOV) may occur when PV penetration exceeds 120% of DML – A TOV solution with inverter manufacturers was sought Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 9
PV Hosting Limit Doubled with TOV Solved In 2014, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) lab testing of inverters determined the TOV concern was solvable …. • 250% of DML – But, inverters must disconnect from the grid within 1-cycle (16 ms) if it detects that its terminal voltage has reached 120% of its nominal voltage. – TOV inverter performance requirement added to Grid Code Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 10
Beyond the 250% DML Hosting Limit In 2015, individual circuit by circuit modeling of the distribution grid was performed to determine feeder specific Hosting Capacity on the Hawaii power grids …. • Individual Circuit Hosting Capacity Limits – Based on steady-state power flows (equipment thermal and line voltage limits) and flicker limits. – Emergency circuit configurations are assessed. – Substation transformer load tap changer settings are reviewed. Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 11
Circuit Level PV Hosting Capacity • Circuit level analysis is important for distributed resource integration • Proper Grid Codes are essential to achieve high penetration of distributed resources • Advanced inverter capability is critical • Distributed PV circuit penetration several times served load may be achieved Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 12
Maui Distributed PV Circuit Penetrations Maui Electric (2019 Yr.-end) Maui System Peak: 206 MW 119 MW PV / 72 MW Wind Installed PV & Wind: 95% of Sys. Peak DG PV capacity = 58% peak load 19.7% Energy Wind capacity = 35% peak load 21% Energy Reverse power flow exists on the majority of circuits today PV penetration on some circuits exceed 300% DML Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 13
Mahalo! For more information, contact: (Thank you) Grid System Technologies Advanced Research Team Leon R. Roose , Esq. Principal & Chief Technologist Grid START Hawaii Natural Energy Institute School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East-West Road, POST 109 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Office: (808) 956-2331 Mobile: (808) 554-9891 E-mail: lroose@hawaii.edu Website: www.hnei.hawaii.edu Session 1 - Hawaii DPV Experience | Asia EDGE Power Sector Learning Series | 14
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