+ II. Core vocabulary: The core of increased capacity
Sample Text from 4th Grade NAEP (2007) “ I must get help,” said Rosa to herself. But how? I don't know anyone. Mama told me not to speak to strangers. Besides, I don't know how to ask in English. Rosa had an idea. She rushed back to the street, walked to the traffic light, then raced around the corner and back to the school yard.
Sample item 1: NAEP (2007) What does the word "pleading" mean, as it is used in the sentence below? "Ducks," she said again, her eyes pleading. yelling begging looking blinking Percentage correct: •At basic: 72 •Below basic: 45
Sample item 2: NAEP (2007) Explain why Rosa visits the ducks at the beginning of the story. Use details from the story in your answer. Percentage attaining “3” (Full Comprehension At Basic: 56 Below Basic: 34
How are American students doing with the core vocabulary? National Assessment of Educational Progress (2007): the 50th percentile score was 220 ; the average score in CA in 2009 was 210
+ Features of First-Grade Reading Texts Foorman, Francis, Davidson, Harm, & Griffin(2004): As much as 70-84% of the words in the first-grade texts in 2000 appeared only a single time across the instructional blocks of six different programs that they analyzed. Hiebert (2005): Rate of new unique words per 100 running words in America’s longest publishing core reading program: 1983: 5 1993: 29 2000: 21 2007: 23
Excerpts from 3 consecutive anthology selections & accompanying decodable in a core reading program •50 words from middle of a 290-word text •Begin. of 3rd trimester of Gr. 1 +
Text 1 Decodable 1 “Stop!” said Spike. “You stole my Cecil does tricks with our dog. stuff!" They can roll over. WHIRL! WHIRL! They can beg. CREAK! FIZZ! "That scamp!" said Skip. "But I WHIZ! “Shake, Prince,” says have skill and speed. I'll snatch Dennis. my stuff back." “Shake, Cecil,” he says. While Spike slept, Skip sneaked a Doing tricks is not the best thing stone into the bag. my robot can do. Smack, smack. Cecil plays hide-and-seek, "Snack time," said Spike. too. He is always IT. He gives everyone a chance "Ugh! A stone!" said Spike. "Yes!" Skip said with a smile.
Text 2 Decodable 2 Then off he went to market. Jill told me, "Don't bump the Hop, hop, hop! Looking in the lamp." windows of every kind of shop. Don't jump, dump, tramp, slump, He stopped on the corner bump. where the fruit seller sells fruits of many colors. Oh, what lovely Don't, don't, don't! smells! That always makes me a grump. What a crowd of people dressed in their best! Choosing cheese and brown eggs fresh from Then they all told me, "Don't be a the nest. grump!" What's a child to do? Well, I'll find Gramp. Gramp knows I jump, dump, tramp, slump, and bump.
Types of Unique Words (per 100 Words of Text) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1962 1983 1993 2000 2007 Complex Decodable & Multisyllabic Target Decodable HF
Unique Words per Unit: Grade 1 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1962 2007
Words in American Textbooks Word Zones TM (Zeno et al., 1995) % of 17.25 million words
Level 300 most frequent words; short and long A vowels Level 600 most frequent words; short, long and r B controlled vowels Level 1000 most frequent words; all monosyllabic C words Level 1000 most frequent words; monosyllabic D words; two-syllable words with regular vowel patterns Level 2,500 most-frequent words (plus monosyllabic E words) Level 5,000 most frequent words (plus monosyllabic F words)
The Speed of Insects Most insects have wings. Other than birds and bats, insects are the only animals that can fly. Insects fly at different speeds. One kind of fly goes 35 miles an hour. Houseflies go five miles an hour. That's still fast when you are trying to catch a housefly! Insects without wings jump or crawl. One kind of flea can jump more than one foot into the air. Other insects crawl, such as cockroaches and ants. One kind of cockroach can crawl 3 miles an hour. That's fast for a small insect.
Where Insects Live When you play in a park, 0 to 2,000 insects may be around you. Some are underground. Others are on plants or trees. You might not see many of these insects because insects often look like the rocks or plants around them. A leaf insect looks like a leaf on the trees around it. There are more insects on earth than any other kind of animal. Insects live in most places on earth. Some insects even live in water. The only place without insects is the deep water of the sea.
How Insects Help and Hurt When a housefly buzzes around your head at night, it's a pest! Some insect pests can hurt plants, animals, and people. Flies can carry germs that make people sick. Ticks can feed on animals and even people. Some kinds of insects eat farmers' crops. However, many insects are helpful to plants, animals, and people. Ladybugs eat the greenflies that eat plants. Without ladybugs, some plants would be eaten by greenflies. Many beetles eat dead things like leaves. By doing this, they help the farmers' crops to grow .
ANCHORING LEARNING IN KNOWLEDGE & COMPREHENSION: SCIENCE/SOCIAL STUDIES STANDARDS: Grade 2 Life Science Earth Science Physical Science Do Animals Weather Magnets Talk? Forces Around Water and Us Us Insects Rocks Thinking Like a Trees Scientist Civics History Geography/ Economics National Maps Children’s Symbols Games Money Being a Citizen Transportation Jobs Around Us Then and Now Brave Americans Life in Colonial America
Knowledge Acquisition & Comprehension are the core
Linguistic challenges of core vocabulary Compound words Idioms Polysemous meanings
Compounds & Idioms Compound Idioms off off season, off-ramp, off-line, offset, offshoot, offshore, offspring, off on the wrong foot, off the offstage, off-the-record, off-the-wall mark, off the record, off the hook under underachiever, underage, undercharge, underclass, undercover, under a cloud, under control, undercurrent, undercut, underdog, underestimate, undergo, under cover, under fire, under undergraduate, underground, undergrowth, underhand, underhanded, one`s belt, under one`s breath, underlie, underline, undermine, underneath, undernourished, underpaid, under one`s nose, under one`s underpants, underpass, underprivileged, underrated, underscore, own steam, under the sun, undershirt, underside, undersized, understaffed, understand, understate, under the table, under the understudy, undertake, undertone, undertow, underwater, underweight, weather, under the wire, under underworld, underwrite the weather, water under the bridge high knee-high, waist, high, high-born, highbrow, highchair, high noon, high and low, be high-class, high-definition, high explosive, high-frequency, left high and dry high-grade, high heels, high jinks, high jump, highlands, high-level, highlight, high-minded, high-pitched, high-powered, high pressure, high-profile, high-rise, high roller, high school, high-speed, high-spirited, high-strung, high-tech, high tide, high-tops, highway,
High-Frequency Words & Polysemy back adverb 1)where someone or something was before 2)into the condition that someone or something was in before 3)in the direction that is behind you 4)doing the same thing that someone that s/he has done to you 5)away from someone or something 6)in or toward an earlier time noun 1) part of your body between your neck and legs, opposite your stomach and chest. 2) part of something that is furthest from the front 3) part of a seat that you lean against when you are sitting verb 1)to move backwards, or to move a vehicle move backwards 2)to support someone or something, especially by using your money or power adjective 1)at the back of something
Instruction in Compounds & Idioms Developing awareness of vocabulary relative to surrounding text: The idea that learning more vocabulary is not just learning new words; it is often learning familiar words in new combinations (Woolard, 2000) Collecting & categorizing: Vocabulary logs & notebooks Focusing on key words: Some common words are highly prolific in compound words and idioms (Lewis, 1997). Another form of compounding is frequent in content areas (e.g., carbon dioxide, air pressure, scientific method ) Using resources: Dictionaries for ESL (e.g., Longman’s Dictionary of American English which uses West’s (1953) 2,000 head words for definitions)
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