Russian baseline datasets for climatological climatological Russian - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Russian baseline datasets for climatological climatological Russian baseline datasets for studies over Northern Eurasia studies over Northern Eurasia and their use in analyses of contemporary and their use in analyses of contemporary climatic changes over the Russia climatic changes over the Russia Bulygina O. N., Razuvaev V. N. RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION INFORMATION – – WORLD DATA CENTER WORLD DATA CENTER (RIHMI (RIHMI- -WDC) WDC) 6, 6, Korolev Korolev str str. . Obninsk Obninsk, , Kaluga Kaluga Reg., 249035, Russia Reg., 249035, Russia E- -mail: mail: bulygina bulygina@meteo.ru @meteo.ru E Internet: Internet: http:// http://www.meteo.ru www.meteo.ru

RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION – – RUSSIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION WORLD DATA CENTER (RIHMI WORLD DATA CENTER (RIHMI- -WDC) WDC)

Main sources of RI HMI -WDC Data Fund acquisition RIHMI-WDC Data Fund Internationa data Roshydromet Research Institutes exchange Roshydromet observation network GTS Observation networks of other organizations

Main types of hydrometeorological information available from RI HMI -WDC Data Fund Climatological Data : On-line data flow RIHMI-WDC • Meteorology (GTS Schedule): • Aerology • Meteorology Data Fund • Hydrology • Aerology • Marine meteorology • Marine meteorology • Oceanography • Oceanography • Agrometeorology

41 515 ML

2 356 000

Meteorological stations in Russia

Meteorological stations

Main problems 1. Search of missing data and filling in gaps in State Fund Databases of standard meteorological observations. 2. Creation of appropriate metadata sets (stations history, physics-geographic description etc.). 3. Search and digitizing of non-standard meteorological observations data (meteorological expeditionary data, weather data from old tables forms, snow observations in mountains, etc.). 4. Creation of specialized high-quality data sets.

The missing data in standard meteorological observations ( On computer-readable media in RIHMI RIHMI- -WDC ) WDC ) % 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005

Origin of data inhomogeneity in Russia • Change in the observation procedure • Change in meteorological data processing procedures • Instrumental change • Displacement of meteorological stations

Meteorological observations in Russia ( Change in the observation procedure and change in meteorological data processing procedures) Years Times\ day Format 1891 - 1935 Three (7, 13, 21 Local Time) A 1936 - 1965 Four (1, 7, 13, 19 LT) B 1966 - 1976 Eight (3, 6, 9… Moscow Time) C 1977 - 1984 Eight (3, 6, 9… Moscow Time) D 1985 - 1992 Eight (3, 6, 9… Moscow Time) E 1993 - now Eight (3, 6, 9… Greenwich Time) E

List of meteorological elements 3-HOURLY DATA SET DAILY DATA SET Air temperature Mean daily air temperature Water vapour pressure Maximum air temperature Dew-point temperature Minimum air temperature Relative humidity Daily precipitation Sea level pressure Snow depth Station level pressure Snow coverage Air pressure tendency Characteristics of site Visibility Minimum of relative humidity Total cloud amount Minimum of surface temperature Lower cloud amount Wind speed maximum Cloud genera Atmospheric phenomena Height of cloud base Atmospheric phenomena duration Wind speed Daily total and low cloud amount Wind direction Sunshine duration Precipitation Present weather Past weather Surface temperature Ground state Atmospheric phenomena

Snow cover observations

Changes in codes of visibility ( Example ) Before 1947- 1950- 1960 – 1947 1949 1959 now Code Visibility Visibility Visibility Visibility (m) (m) (m) (m) Х 0 >20 Х 1 20 Х 2 40 . . . X9 180 00 <10 <100 01 10 200 100 02 20 400 200 03 30 600 300 04 40 800 400 80 20000 16000 30000 . . .

Soil temperature observations Depth (cm) Clean surface Natural surface Hourly, whole year (since 2 No 1970) 5 Hourly, warm period Hourly, whole year 10 Hourly, warm period Hourly, whole year 15 Hourly, warm period Hourly, whole year 20 Hourly, warm period Hourly, whole year 40 No Hourly, whole year Daily, whole year (n/a 60 No since 1970) 80 No Daily, whole year 120 No Daily, whole year 160 No Daily, whole year 240 No Daily, whole year 320 No Daily, whole year

Creation of specialized high-quality data sets: � Creation of long-time series of meteorological observations on computer-readable media � Data rescue and filling in gaps in databases � Formation of metadata sets; � Elimination of inhomogeneity in meteorological data series that is caused by the change in observation and processing procedures, instrumental change, etc. � Ensuring the opportunity of regular update of data sets with current information.

Baseline Climatological Data Sets http://www.meteo.ru/climate/ • MEAN MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE DATA SET FROM 476 RUSSIAN STATIONS • MONTHLY PRECIPITATION DATA SET FROM 476 RUSSIAN STATIONS • MEAN MONTHLY AIR PRESSURE ( STATION LEVEL) DATA SET FROM 476 RUSSIAN STATIONS • MONTHLY SUNSHINE DURATION DATA SET FROM 476 RUSSIAN STATIONS • SOIL TEMPERATUTA DATA SET • DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA SET FROM 223 METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OVER THE FORMER USSR TERRITORY • DATA SET “SNOW COVER CHARACTERISTICS FROM 223 METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS OVER THE FORMER USSR TERRITORY” • snow cover state characteristics for fixed routes observations

Record format in data files ( MEAN MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE DATA SET) Field Field numbe Position Field name Notes length r 1 1-5 5 WMO index of station 6 1 Blank 2 7-10 4 Year 11 Blank In 0 C, accurate within 3 12-16 5 Air temperature in January 0.1 0 C 17 1 Blank Air temperature in 4 18-22 5 -/- February 23 1 Blank 5 24-28 5 Air temperature in March -/- 29 1 Blank . … … … … Air temperature in 14 78-82 5 -/- December 83-84 2 Line end character

The format of data set of snow cover characteristics for stations site observations N Field contents 1 Index WMO 2 Latitude 3 Longitude 4 Year 5 Month 6 Day 7 Snow depth 8 Complementary flag of depth data snow 9 Snow cover extent

The format of data set of snow cover state characteristics for fixed routes observations N Field contents N Field contents 11 Snow cover depth average (sm) 1 Index WMO 12 Snow cover depth maximum (sm) 2 Latitude 13 Snow cover depth minimum (sm) 3 Longitude Snow density (g/sm A 3) 14 4 Year 15 Thickness of crust layer (mm) 5 Month 6 Day 16 Thickness of water-inundated snow cover (sm) 7 Route type 17 Thickness of pure water (sm) 8 Extent of snow cover over route surroundings (0 -10) 18 Water equivalent of snow cover (mm) 9 Extent of snow cover along a route 19 General water amount (mm) (0-10) 20 Snow covering type 10 Extent of crust along a route (0-10) 21 Snow cover type

CLIMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT CLIMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT Creation of specialized high-quality data sets Climate monitoring Analysis of climate change Applied climatology Preparation and issuing of climatic manuals

Climate monitoring WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA IN 2008 ∆ Т [ 0 C ] 2008 2.5 2.0 β = 0,2 0 C/10yr 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 Mean annual air temperature anomalies for the period of 1939- 2008 averaged over the territory of Russia .

Climate monitoring Air temperature anomalies in January 2008. Insets show mean monthly and mean daily air temperatures in January 2008 at meteorological stations Marresalya, Anadyr’ and Ust’-Koksa.

Climate monitoring Precipitation total in July 2008 against normal. Insets show monthly precipitation total series in July and daily precipitation in 2008 at meteorological stations Moskva, Chertkovo, Kislokan, and Srednekolymsk

Climate monitoring Anomalies of the number of days with snow covering more than 50% of the area around a meteorological station in the winter of 2007-2008 (as against mean long-term values for the period 1961-1990). The insets show: а ) early dates of snow covering more than 50% of the area around a meteorological station and mean daily values of the extent of snow cover on the territory around meteorological stations Ishim (28573) and Okhotsk (31088).

Analysis of climate change Extreme events (Bulygina O.N., Razuvaev V.N.,Korshunova N.N., Groisman, P. Ya.,2007: Climate variations and changes in extreme climate events in Russia., Environ. Res. Lett. 2 N4 (October-December 2007)045020, 7 pp.) a) b) in Winter (DJF) in Winter (DJF) in Summer (JJA) in Summer (JJA) Linear trend coefficients ( n /10 yr ) in the time-series of number of days with abnormally high (a) and low (b) temperatures. Time period 1951-2006.

Extreme events in Winter (DJF) in Summer (JJA) Linear trend coefficients ( n /10 yr ) in the time-series of number of days with abnormally high diurnal temperature range (DTR) Time period 1951-2006.