RRIN NIGERIA R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F - PDF document

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 H INSTITUTE C R A E S E R RUBBER O F N I G E R I A IYANOMO BENIN CITY RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NIGERIA P M B 1049, IYANOMO,BENIN CITY EDO STATE, NIGERIA. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA RRIN NIGERIA R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 1

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 R elative Abundance of Mistletoe in Hevea Plantation in Edo State, Nigeria. * Orumwense, K.O., Eguavoen, O. I., Aigbodion, A.I.,Anegbeh, P.O. and Omorusi, V.I Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P M B 1049, Iyanomo ‐ Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. * kensmwense@gmail.com. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA INTRODUCTION • The rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) is a commercial plantation crop. • Cultivated for its economic importance because of the production of a sap ‐ like extract known as latex from which natural rubber is obtained. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 2

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 • Rubber plant is often attacked by several pathogens and pests • This diseases affect all parts of rubber plant : leaf, stem and branches, roots e.t.c • If left uncontrolled, it posses a very serious treat to the entire plantation and the rubber industry. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA MATURE RUBBER PLANTATION IN BENIN R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 3

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 • Mistletoe is an air ‐ borne parasitic plant which lives off the sap of the host • Two species are known to be very common with the rubber tree namely : • A. Loranthus incanus recognised by its yellow flowers • B . Loranthus brunneur with the red flower. • The parasite grows from seed deposited by birds on the tree trunk • Mistletoe spreads silently and slowly throughout the plantation R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA Loranthus incanus on Hevea branch NIG 800 R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 4

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 Large presence of mistletoe on Hevea branch R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA Loranthus incanus recognised by its yellow flowers R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 5

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 Typical Loranthus incanus flower R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the level of the incidences of the plant parasite and the level of clonal susceptibility. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 6

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 MATERIALS • Design : 40 hectare polyclonal garden • Location : RRIN South – South, Nigeria. • latitude 6 0 00’ – 6 0 15N • longitude 5 0 30 ‐ 5 0 45E • Altitude 27m above see level • Annual rainfall ranging from 1230mm – 2580mm • Monthly temperature falls between 28 0 ‐ 30 0 C. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA Six (6) Hevea clones comprising of ‐ (a) Indigenous clones : NIG 800, NIG 801, NIG 803 (b) Exotic clones: RRIM707, PR 107, GT 1 were identified and assessed. (a) Fifty (50) rubber trees per clone were randomly selected, marked and assessed for the incidences of the disease. • Data were recorded and analysed using Parry's (1990) based on infection category R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 7

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 RESULTS Table 1: Clones identified at the polyclonal garden in RRIN Clones Cultivation Total No. of No. of plants plant sampled detected with Mistletoe NIG 800 Indigenous 50 41 NIG 801 Indigenous 50 26 NIG 803 Indigenous 50 19 GT 1 Exotic 50 28 PR 107 Exotic 50 31 RRIM 707 Exotic 50 33 R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA Table 2. Percentage Disease Index (PDI) for clones assessed. CLONE P D I D C 62.00( ± 13.93) NIG 800 Severe 53.48( ± 13.69) NIG 801 Severe 14.30( ± 12.48) NIG 803 Light 48.00( ± 8.68) GT 1 Moderate 17.50( ± 7.37) PR 107 Light 28.25( ± 6.73) RRIM 707 Moderate PDI=Percentage Disease Index with standard error in parenthesis. DC = Disease Category . R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 8

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 • All the clones assessed were remarkably susceptible to mistletoe infestation • NIG 800 clone shows high susceptibility with 82% of trees assessed having PDI 62(±13.93), while NIG 803 shows least susceptibility, with 38% of trees assessed and PDI 14.30(±12.48) • The exotic clones considered as an important variety in the past known for its resistance to mistletoe has tended to become susceptible. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA • RRIM 707 clone shows high susceptibility , 66% of assessed trees with PDI 28.25 (±6.73), while GT 1 was 56% of assessed trees with PDI 48.00 (±8.68). • Unlike the mature plantation, other rubber diseases were observed . R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 9

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 From literature birds are known to be the agent of dispersal as shown below R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 10

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 Mature field adjacent to site of study R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA OBSERVATIONS • In the study area, the plantation was well infested by mistletoe • The presence of some Palm trees close to the field of survey were observed • There exist a mature plantation adjacent to this field of study with similar clones as shown above • Interest[y. none off the clones were infested with the plant parasitic mistletoe R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 11

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 • Previously, the Characterisation of natural rubber latex from mistletoe infested Hevea tree of NIG 804 clones was analysed by Akinlabi et al (2005). Their finding revealed that there is a relationship between the level of infestation and the quantity of latex exuded from the tree whereas no relationship was noticed between the level of infestation and the quality of natural rubber latex. R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA CONCLUSION • Rubber is important to the socio ‐ economic life of many nations today • Impact of the mistletoe infestation on Hevea host in this study was severe but if allowed to continue could become a serious threat to the survival of the Hevea plantation. Early detection is still been recommended as a • way of checking its spread. • However, research is ongoing to under study the influx and spread of birds within the plantation R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 12

02 ‐ 11 ‐ 2012 THANK YOU R U B B E R R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F NIGERIA 13