Treatment Preferences and Risk Tolerance Study Pat Furlong, BSN, MS Holly Peay, MS CGC Vice President, Education and Outreach ParentProjectMD.org
Study Goals • Objective: explore how parents/guardians of individuals with DMD prioritize risk and benefit in the context of new therapies • Specific Aims: – Describe risk tolerance, health-related QoL, and numeracy – Explore treatment preferences, risk tolerance and benefit priorities – Evaluate the effect of child’s disorder progression on treatment preferences – Explore Duchenne-related worries ParentProjectMD.org
Methodology • Developed in consultation with health economist • Best/worst scaling type 2 • “BWS is a theory about how people make best and worst (most and least, smallest and largest, two extremes, etc.) choices from choice sets consisting of three or more ‘things’.” ( Louviere and Flynn 2010) • Based on random utility theory- value respondent derives from an object compared with a comparator is proportional to how often he/she chooses it in preference to comparator ParentProjectMD.org
Attribute Development: Worries • 5 parents contributed a broad list of DMD- related worry items • Researchers refined the items and grouped under domains • Final worry domains – child-focused (health, QoL, and social support) – external to the child (parent/guardian QoL, social support, family effects) ParentProjectMD.org
Attribute Development: Treatments • Large pool of hypothetical attributes and levels identified in consultation with parents, providers, and biotech/pharma • Items reduced and refined during the stakeholder consultation • Identified plausible attributes that are sufficiently balanced to allow a successful experiment ParentProjectMD.org
Refinement and Piloting • Draft instruments refined in consultation with social scientists with expertise in clinical research and rare disorder populations • Survey instrument piloted by 7 parents who provided extensive feedback on the items and instrument as a whole • Final survey developed and implemented online ParentProjectMD.org
Worry List: In the past 7 days, most/least worried… A Child focused My child missing out on new treatments B Child focused My child getting weaker C Child focused Getting the right care for my child over time D Child focused My child feeling happy E Child focused My child having good friends F Child focused My child feeling like a burden on the family G Child focused My child becoming independent from me over time H Child focused My child not being able to express deep worries J External focused Being a good enough parent for my child K External focused Me handling the emotional demands of Duchenne L External focused Managing my uncertainty about my child’s future M External focused Having time for myself N External focused Feeling isolated from other families P External focused Affording care my child needs within the family budget Q External focused Effects of Duchenne on my closest relationships ParentProjectMD.org R External focused The wellbeing of my other children
Treatment Attributes LABEL EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION A1 Muscle function Stops the progression of weakness A2 Muscle function Slows the progression of weakness A3 Muscle function Does not change progression of weakness B1 Lifespan 5 year gain in expected lifespan B2 Lifespan 2 year gain to expected lifespan B3 Lifespan No extra gain to expected lifespan C1 Drug knowledge 2 years of post-approval drug information available C2 Drug knowledge 1 year of post-approval drug information available C3 Drug knowledge No post-approval drug information available ParentProjectMD.org
Treatment Attributes Con’t Label Experiment description D1 Nausea No increased chance of nausea D2 Nausea Causes loss of appetite D3 Nausea Causes loss of appetite with occasional vomiting E1 Bleeds No increased risk of bleeds E2 Bleeds Increased risk of bleeding gums and increased bruising E3 Bleeds Increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and lifelong disability F1 Arrhythmia No increased risk of heart arrhythmia F2 Arrhythmia Increased risk of harmless heart arrhythmia F3 Arrhythmia Increased risk of dangerous heart arrhythmia and sudden death ParentProjectMD.org
Inclusion Criteria & Recruitment • Recruited from PPMD, DuchenneConnect Registry, and snowball recruiting • Parents or guardians of at least one living child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, living in the United States, over 18 years of age, and able to complete an online survey in English • Study determined to be exempt by the Western Institutional Review Board ParentProjectMD.org
Survey Components • Treatment experiment: 18 treatment scenarios • Worries experiment: 16 worries lists • Risk Taking Measure (Pearson et al.,1995): 6 items from the Jackson Personality Index • Numeracy (Fagerlin et al., 2007) 3 items adapted from Subjective Numeracy Scale • SF-12 Health-Related QoL • Child DMD status (mobility and self-care PROM) • Care/support items • Demographics ParentProjectMD.org
Design • Detailed description of attributes and levels; example task • 18 treatment choice tasks generated from Youden design assessing the best and worst attribute – Each treatment scenario followed by acceptability question (“If this treatment were real, would you use it for your child?”) • 16 worry choice tasks assessing the most and least significant worries over the past 7 days ParentProjectMD.org
Experiment Example Choose the best thing by clicking the circle under “best” and choose the worst thing by clicking the circle under “worst.” You have to choose a best thing and a worst thing to move on. Remember that a computer chose combinations to make the experiment work, and some of them seem bad. Even so, please pick the best and worst thing. ParentProjectMD.org
Preliminary Analysis • Level utility scores (across all choice sets and respondents) – # of times attribute level chosen worst - # of times chosen best/# times attribute appears in experiment*# participants • Attribute importance scores – Max level mean - min level mean/total of all attribute max-min means • Multinomial analysis ongoing ParentProjectMD.org
Preliminary Results • 119 parents completed entire survey • Mean participant age 43.7 (SD 7.7) • Mean affected child age 12.1 (SD 6.4) • 80 (67%) biological mothers, 34 (29%) biological fathers, 5 (4%) adoptive parents • 109 (92%) Caucasian • 107 (90%) married, 11 (9%) divorced/separated, and 1 (1%) widowed ParentProjectMD.org
6. What is your annual household income? Frequency % Valid % Less than $25,000 7 5.9 6.0 $25,000-$50,000 10 8.4 8.5 $50,000-$75,000 22 18.5 18.8 $75,000-$100,000 22 18.5 18.8 More than $100,000 56 47.1 47.9 Total 117 98.3 100.0 System 2 1.7 Total 119 100.0 ParentProjectMD.org
5. What is the highest level of education you have completed? Freq % Valid % High school or GED 5 4.2 4.2 Some college but no degree 17 14.3 14.4 Technical school 6 5.0 5.1 Associate’s degree (2 -year college 9 7.6 7.6 degree) 4-year college degree (e.g., BA, BS) 44 37.0 37.3 Some graduate school but no degree 7 5.9 5.9 Graduate or professional degree (e.g., 30 25.2 25.4 MBA, MS, MD, PhD) Total 118 99.2 100.0 System 1 .8 Total 119 100.0 ParentProjectMD.org
Affected Children • 110 (92%) have one affected child; 9 (8%) have two or more affected children • 101 (85%) have private insurance; 40 (34%) have a state/government program • 68 (58%) participated in clinical research and 40 (34%) participated in a clinical trial • 22 (19%) child has experienced a life- threatening emergency that caused parent to worry that the child would die ParentProjectMD.org
4. Chose the option that best describes your child’s physical abilities today. Frequency % Is a baby, a toddler, or a very young child who is too young to walk 5 4.2 far yet Walks independently for long distances outdoors (more than ½ mile) 24 20.2 Walks less than ½ mile, but more than short distances 35 29.4 Walks independently outdoors for short distances (such as to the 12 10.1 car) Walks outdoors with help from a person 1 .8 Walks independently indoors but needs a wheelchair for outdoors 2 1.7 Walks indoors with help from a person and requires wheelchair 4 3.4 outdoors Uses wheelchair and can go indoors and outdoors 30 25.2 Uses wheelchair but unable to go outdoors in some situations (such 3 2.5 as cold weather) Unable to control wheelchair without help 3 2.5 ParentProjectMD.org Total 119 100.0
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