Cnts/s Time (s) Recent Progress on GRBs with Swift Neil Gehrels NASA-GSFC April 19, 2010 Kyoto GRB Conference
500 GRBs 158 Redshifts redshift look-back time Swift NG, Ramirez-Ruiz & Fox 2009 Pre-Swift comoving volume
Progress: Early Universe GRBs
z = 6.29 GRB 050904 High Redshift GRBs 6 GRBs out of 500 at z>5 z = 8.2 GRB 090423 Kawai et al. 2006 z = 6.7 GRB 080913 Tanvir et al. 2009 Greiner et al. 2009
Bright Across the E-M Spectrum z GRB Optical Brightness 8.2 090423 K = 20 @ 20 min 6.7 080813 K = 19 @ 10 min 6.29 050904 J = 18 @ 3 hrs 5.6 060927 I = 16 @ 2 min 5.3 050814 K = 18 @ 23 hrs 5.11 060522 R = 21 @ 1.5 hrs GRB 090423 Magnitude Crab nebula K ~ 32 for Milkyway @ z = 8 Salvaterra et al. 2009
GRB Spectroscopy Metallicity GRB 050730 z = 3.97 UVES / VLT sims all galaxies sims GRB hosts D'Elia et al. 2007 Redshift Savaglio et al.
High-z Prospects Swift Observations Butler, Bloom & Prediction & Poznanski (2010) Expect 1 GRB r @ z = 10 a e y per ~5 years / B R G see also: z 0 > Bromm & Loeb 2007 z model predictions Mészáros & Rees 2010 Pop III GRBs Redshift, z 0 GRB 100205A had colors consistent with z ~ 11, but insufficient observations to confirm)
Future Capabilities IR Afterglow New IR instruments / telescopes z=5 * X-Shooter on VLT * FIRE on Magellan z=15 * MMIRS on Magellan & MMT ) y J ( x * SASIR telescope at San Pedro Mártir u l F * JWST JWST sensitivity Swift GI program IR instrumentation Time (hours) Bromm & Loeb (2007)
VLT / X-Shooter GRB 090313 300 - 2500 nm R = 4000 - 14000 De Ugarte Postigo et al. 2009
Progress: Short GRBs
Name Redshift Afteglow Host Flence ( γ -ray) Duration Spectral + Extended Comment (10 -8 erg/cm 2 ) (s) Lag (ms) Emission ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ elliptical @ 050509B 0.225 X 0.95±0.25 0.03 4.7±3.2 N low SF, HST 050724 0.258 X, O, R elliptical 39.±10. 3.0 -4.2±8.2 Y low SF, HST 050813 ? 0.7, 1.8 ? X ? galaxies, cluster 12.4±4.6 0.60 -9.7±14.0 N - ? cluster @ 051210 0.114? X 8.3±1.4 1.4 -1.0±16.0 N HST 051221A 0.547 X, O, R SF galaxy 116.±4. 1.4 0.0±0.4 N HST 051227 - X, O faint galaxy 0.23±0.03 0.9 (16) 2±10 Y - ? cluster @ 060313 - X, O 113.±5. 0.7 0.8±0.6 N HST 060502B 0.287? X elliptical @ 50kpc 4.0±0.5 0.09 -4.0±3. N 73kpc offset 060801 1.131? X ? galaxies 8.1±1.0 0.5 8±8 N - 061006 0.4377 X, O galaxy 143.±14. 0.5 (130) 9.2±7.1 Y HST galaxy @34kpc @ 061201 0.111? X, O 33.±3. 0.8 2.7±3.3 N HST 061210 0.41? X ? galaxies 110.±20. 0.19 (85) 1.0±0.5 Y - 061217 0.827? X ? galaxies 4.6±0.8 0.3 - N - 070429B 0.904 X, O galaxy 6.3±1.0 0.5 7±5 N 4kpc, spec z 070714B 0.923 X, O galaxy 72.±9. 2.9 (64) 14±7 Y R~25.5 spec z 070724 0.457 X galaxy 3.0±0.7 0.4 22±35 N SF host @ 2" 070729 - X - 10.±2. 0.9 -113±63 - - 070809 - X, O - 10.±1. 1.3 11±38 - not very hard 071227 0.383 X, O galaxy 22.±3. 0.18 4=14 Y 080123 - X - 57.±17. -0.41 (115) - N EE not real 080503 - X, O - 200±10 ~0.5 (170) -8±12 Y rising LC opt 080702A - X - 3.6±1.0 0.5 -15±20 N 080905A - X, O nearby galaxy 14±2 1.0 -5±5 N 080919 - X - 7.2±1.1 0.6 97±23 N 081024 - X - 12±2 1.8 - N 081211B 0.216? X cluster field 61. 2.9 - Y BATSS, Konus 081226A - X - 9.9±1.8 0.4 - N 090307 - X, O - 0.7±0.1 0.4 - N 090417A 0.088? X 2MASS galaxy 1.9±0.5 0.072 - N probably not SGR 090426 2.6 X, O - 18. 1.2 1.7±12.5 N long or short?? 090510 0.903 X, O - 34.±4. 0.3 0.8±1.0 N LAT 090515 - X - 2.1±0.4 0.038 2.8±1.2 N 090531B - X - 71±9 1.3 11±5 Y 090607 - X - 11±2 2.3 - N subthreshold 090621B - X - 7±1 0.14 - N single spike 090916 - X - 95.±18. 0.32 (65) - Y moon constrained 090927 1.37 X, O - 22±3 2.2 - N short? 091109B - X, O - 19±2 0.3 - - 100117A - X - 9.3±1.3- 0.3 - - single spike 100106A - X - 14±2 0.12 - - 100213A - X - 17±3 2.4 15±15 Y?
Short GRB Statistics with Swift * 52 detected by BAT * 41 X-ray, 17 optical Number * 11 firm redshifts * Plus 3 HETE, 1 INTEGRAL Properties compared to long GRBs * Smaller redshift range Redshift Berger 2009 * Weaker afterglow * Smaller E_iso X-ray Flux @ 11 hours * Found in all type galaxies GRB 090724 XRT Chandra E γ iso Nysewander, Fruchter & Pe'er 2009
At Least 2 Models / Types SGR Giant Flares NS-NS Mergers If 27-Dec-04 was @ 15 kpc, 15% of short bursts could be SGRs If 27-Dec-04 was @ 8 kpc, 2% could be SGRs assuming once per 100 years giant flare as luminous as 27-Dec-04
Short GRB Prospects NS-NS Merger - Coincident observations with LIGO/VIRGO GW Chip * ~20 yr -1 merger detections with ALIGO * ~0.7 yr -1 with sGRB detection - Galaxies in BAT trigger ALIGO to 200 Mpc * 2000 nearby galaxies in trigger * reduces threshold from 7 σ to ~5 σ * search for SGR sub-population HST (& other transients or GRBs) - HST observations of offsets & sites of origin Fong, Berger & Fox 2009
Progress: Supernova Connection
GRB 060218 / SN 2006aj z = 0.033 SNe with X or γ Transients Flux Time (s) Campana et al. 2006 GRB 100316D / SN 2010bh z = 0.059 Velocity Si II line (1000 km/s) HST Image XRO 080109 / SN 2008D z = 0.007 X-ray Flux Time (rest frame days) Time (s) Starling et al. 2010 Chornock et al. 2010 Soderberg et al. 2008
Nearby GRBs Without SNe Two nearby "long" GRBs with no supernova GRB 060505 z = 0.089 (Fynbo et al.) GRB 060614 z = 0.125 (Gal-Yam et al., Fynbo et al., Della Valle et al., Gehrels et al.) GRB 060614 HST images (Gal-Yam et al. 2006)
SN - GRB Prospects - Waiting game: * 5 GRBs with z < 0.2 in 5 years * 3 GRBs with z < 0.1 in 5 years v Magnitude - UVOT/XRT follow-up of SN I b/c's b v - SNe GRBs can have long duration uv * New "fluence trigger" for BAT Days Past Explosion - XRO 080109, only 3x too faint for BAT * Search for BAT SN shock outbursts * BAT "galaxies in trigger" may help
Oddball Events * Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T 90 =0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ -ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T 90 =1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Oddball Events * Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T 90 =0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ -ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T 90 =1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Oddball Events * Short GRB 050925 near galactic plane with soft spectrum and T 90 =0.07s. Galactic source or SGR? (Markwardt et al. 2005) * Long GRB 070125 @ z<1.5 with no absorption features and no host detected. Cluster far from a galaxy? (Cenko et al. 2008) * "GRB" 070610 from a galactic transient. Possibly a new class of BH binary fast X-ray nova. (Kasliwal et al. 2008) * GRB 070612 odd rising optical lightcurve. Radio for >1 year * AXP 1E1547.0-5408 with γ -ray flares. What is the dividing line between AXPs and SGRs? * GRB 090426 (merger or collapsar?). T 90 =1.3s, z=2.6, very soft spectrum, bright afterglow, interacting host (Leveque et al. 2009)
Swift Orbital Decay -2 σ Height (km) +2 σ mean splash 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Time selective redundancy
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