R.N Institute of Professional Studies D-12 Main Kanti Nagar Krishna Nagar Delhi-51 CHAPTER 5 – Presentation of Data – Textual and Tabular Presentation TEXTUAL PRESENTATION In the textual presentation the data are presented in the form of paragraph. This method is not6 more impressive. It is not a very effective method. It is difficult for a reader to single out individual figure given in a mixed way in the text and the information has to be read again and again to understand the information. In this chapter we will discuss the tabular form of presentation and the other two forms of presentation viz. diagrammatic presentation and graphic presentation. MEANING OF TABULATION The process of arranging data orderly in the form of rows and column is called tabulation. OBJECTIVES OF TABULATION 1. Simplicity The main objectives of tabulation is that tabulated data can be easily understood and interpreted. 2. Comparative Study. Tabulation facilitates comparison as the data are presented in compact and organized form. 3. Systematic Presentation. It involves the systematic presentation of data to elucidate problem under investigation. 4. Diagrammatic Representation. Tabulated data can be presented in the form of diagrams and graphs. 5. Saving in Space and Time. It saves space because data are placed in rows and columns. 6. Helpful in Statistical Analysis. It is very helpful in analyzing the collected data and also in drawing inferences from them. GENERAL RULES FOR TABULATION 1. The construction of table should suit the size of the paper. 2. Table should be attractive clear and impressive so that the reader may readily discover what it refers. 3. Arrangement of stubs and captions should be done systematically. 4. The data presented in the table should be approximated. 5. The table should be self-explanatory. 6. The tile should be clear. It is placed at the top and is centre. 7. Sources of data must be given in the table. 8. Be consistent in ruling. 9. Care should be taken to give the units of measurement completely such as, weights in kilograms prices in rupees. Etc.
MAIN PART OF A TABLE The structure of a statistical table can be identified as. 1. Title of the Table. A title is a brief explanation of the contents of a table. It is explains what the data in the table is about, the place and the period to which the data relates. A title should be brief and should be placed in a prominent place, usually below the table number. 2. Table Number. When there are many tables then these tables should be numbered in a logical sequence. The number of the table can be used for reference. Normally the number is placed on the top of the title such that it comes in the centre of the title. 3. Caption . a word or a phrase which explains the contents of a column of a table is called the caption. A caption should be placed at the middle of the column. Under a caption there may be sub-heads. When the items in different columns are expressed in different units of measurement, the corresponding unit should be mentioned with the captions. 4. Stubs. As captions explain the contents of column, the stubs explain the contents of a row. Thus, stubs are the designations of the rows. 5. Body of the table. The body of the table is the most important part of the table. The data is arranged in this part according to the description given by the captions and stubs. 6. Head note . An explanatory to the title which is presented below the title, within the brackets, is the head note. In a table the title, caption and the stubs are to be brief. The head note is used to explain certain points relating to the whole table that have not been included in the title nor in the captions or stubs. 7. Footnote. Any clarification on the table is given in the form of the footnote. Any additional information required to understand the table is supplied in the footnote. When there are more than one footnote, they are sequentially numbered. Footnotes are placed directly below the body of the table. 8. Source note . When secondary data is used the source of the data is given in the form of source note. If a reader desires to refer the original date, the source note helps to locate the primary data. This is put below the footnote.
Title Table Number Columns Stub – box caption Total Stubs ………….. BODY OF THE TABLE …………. TOTAL Row Footnote………… Source………….. TYPE OF TABLES The different types of tables can be presented with the help of following chart: Type pf Table 1. Simple 2. Complex Table table Double Treble table table Manifold table 1 .Simple Table . The simple tabulation gives information about one or more groups of independent question. This table can be constructed easily. 2 . Complex Table. Complex tabulation indicates the division of data in two or more categories and reveals information about one or more sets of inter-related question
(i) Double table. It is also called two-way table. Double table or two-way table provides information about two interrelated characteristic of a particular phenomenon. (ii) Treble Table . It is also called three-way table treble table or three-way table provides information about three interrelated phenomena. (iii) Manifold table . It is also known as higher order table. Manifold table supplies information about a large number of interrelated questions. According to purpose, there are following kinds of tables: (i) General Purpose Table. It is the table which is of general use. It does not serve any specific purpose. Such tables are just data bank for the use of researchers for their specific studies. These tables are generally attached to some official reports that is Reference Reports of the Population Census. (ii) Special Purpose Table . It is that table which is prepared with some specific purpose. Generally these are small tables and limited to the problem in hand. In these tables data are presented in the form of a summary. That is why these tables are also known as summary tables. Short Questions 1.Distinguish between classification & tabulation. Classification Tabulation Since data is classified before tabulation, so It is a step after classification. Only classified data classification is the basis of tabulation. can be presented in a tabular form. Under classification method, collected data is In the process of this, organsed data is divided into classified according to their characteristics. differrent columns & rows. Classification is a method of statistical analysis. In this, data is presented in title, caption, stub, In classification, data is classified into different body tec. groups & sub-groups It is a method of presentation of method In the procss of classification, original data is used. In tabulation, both types of data(original & derived) are used. Numerical Questions 1.. Prepare a suitable table from the following information: In Mumbai,80% of the total population were tea drinkers. Out of which 62% are males & 18% are females. Rest are non- tea drinkers, out of which 12% are females. Give suitable title. 2. In XI class, there are 120 students, out of which 70 are boys. Out of total 70 boys, 30 boys belong to Science stream and 25 are students of Arts stream. There are 10 girls in Science stream and 35 in Commerce stream. Present these facts in the table.
3. Out of a total number of 5,000 people who applied for DDA flat, 2,950 were males. Out of total applicants, 3,500 were of service class and others, business class. The number of male applicants who belong to business class were 725. Tabulate the given information. 4. In 2007, out of total of 2,000 applicants in a college, 1,200 were from Commerce background. The number of girls was 750, out of which 330 were from Science stream. In 2008, the total number of applicants was 3,500 of which 2,200 were boys. The number of students from Science stream was 1,100 of which 610 were girls. Tabulate the given information. 5. In 2002, out of a total of 700 employees of a factory, 475 employees were skilled. The number of women employed was 450 of which 175 were unskilled. In 2007, the number of skilled employees decreased to 360 of which 120 were men. On the other hand, the number of unskilled employees fell down to 190 of which 80 were women. Tabulation the given information and given a suitable title. 6. In 2002, out of a total of 360 students in a college, 240 were for B.com (H) and the rest for Eco(H). In 2004, total number of students was 450. Out of them, 320 were for Eco(H). Tabulate the given information. 7. Ina simple study about coffee habit in two towns, the following information was received: Town A: Females were 40%; Total coffee drinkers were 45% and Males non-coffee drinkers were 20%. Town B: Males were 55%; Males non-coffee drinkers were30% and Females coffee drinkers were 15%. Present the data in a tabular form. 8. Present the following information in a suitable tubular form, supplying the figures not directly given. In 2008, out of 3,200 union workers, 2,700 were men. The number of non-union workers was 700, of which, 350 were women. In 2009, out of total 5,000 workers, 3,400 were members of union. The numbers of women workers employed was 650, out of which, 500 did not belong to any union. 9. In 2005, out of total 1,250 workers in a factory, 775 were members of a trade union. The number of women workers employed was 125, out of which 70 did not belong to any trade union. In 2007, the number of union workers was 1,390 of which 825 were men. The number of non-union workers was 270, among which 110 were women. Present the given information in a suitable tabular form.
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