Primary and Secondary Primary and Secondary Variabilities of Movement and Variabilities of Movement and Optometric Vision Therapy. Optometric Vision Therapy. p p m m py py Caroline M.F. Hurst Caroline M.F. Hurst BSc FCOptom FBABO BSc FCOptom FBABO BSc FCOptom FBABO BSc FCOptom FBABO caroline@ caroline@candahurstopticians.co.uk candahurstopticians.co.uk
Th Th Themes Themes Cyclical learning of Cyclical learning of movement and sensory movement and sensory pathways pathways pathways. pathways. Primary and secondary Primary and secondary variabilities of variabilities of movement. movement. OVT and the whole OVT and the whole person person person. person.
Vi i Vi i Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Taking meaning from all Taking meaning from all ng m ng m n ng fr m n ng fr m sensory input, sensory input, relating it to previous relating it to previous experience. experience. i i Vision is then used to Vision is then used to Vision is then used to Vision is then used to direct action. direct action.
Vi i Vi i Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Vision Seeing with meaning, Seeing with meaning, g g g g understanding and understanding and d d di di d d purpose. purpose. The dominant process in The dominant process in human behaviour. human behaviour. Results in a mental Results in a mental and/or physical action. and/or physical action.
P P Posture and Postural Control Posture and Postural Control t t d P d P t t l C l C t t l l Postural control; a key Postural control; a key issue in developmental issue in developmental disorders disorders disorders disorders by by Hadders by by Hadders Hadders Algra Hadders Algra Algra and Algra and and and Carlberg Carlberg. .
Posture and Postural Control P Posture and Postural Control P t t d P d P t t l C l C t t l l Posture: Posture: The relationship between the The relationship between the parts of the body, and parts of the body, and between the body and an b between the body and an b h b d h b d d d external reference frame. external reference frame. Static, and dynamic balance Static, and dynamic balance as we make movements, with as we make movements, with reference to gravity. reference to gravity. f f
P P Posture and Postural Control Posture and Postural Control t t d P d P t t l C l C t t l l Postural control is an active process Postural control is an active process l l l l as the person explores the limits of as the person explores the limits of stability. stability. stability stability Reactionary: in response to an Reactionary: in response to an Reactionary: in response to an Reactionary: in response to an external change. external change. Anticipatory: preparing for a goal Anticipatory: preparing for a goal p p y y p p p p g g g g directed action. directed action. Brandon Jacobs, 6ft 4in, 265lb B Brandon Jacobs, 6ft 4in, 265lb B nd n J nd n J bs 6ft 4in 265lb bs 6ft 4in 265lb 4.52s 40 4.52s 40- -yard dash yard dash
P Posture and Postural Control Posture and Postural Control P t t d P d P t t l C l C t t l l Postural control takes P st P st Postural control takes l l t t l t k s l t k s sensory input from the visual sensory input from the visual system, vestibular apparatus system, vestibular apparatus y y pp pp and and proprioception proprioception. . Postural control and P P Postural control and t t l l t t l l d d movement are part of the movement are part of the visual process, and are visual process, and are p needed to pass from needed to pass from perception to action. perception to action.
P Posture and Postural Control Posture and Postural Control P t t d P d P t t l C l C t t l l The visual process depends The visual process depends The visual process depends The visual process depends on postural stability to on postural stability to direct action successfully. direct action successfully.
H H How is the visual process learned? How is the visual process learned? i th i i th i l l l l d? d? D D Development of postural Development of postural l pm l pm t f p st t f p st l l control and movement control and movement intrinsically linked. intrinsically linked. y Most movements require Most movements require postural adjustments. postural adjustments. t t l dj l dj t t t t Both require a long process Both require a long process of neurodevelopment. of neurodevelopment. of neurodevelopment. of neurodevelopment. Adult postural adjustments Adult postural adjustments are not seen until late are not seen until late adolescence. adolescence. d l d l
H H How is the visual process learned? How is the visual process learned? i th i i th i l l l l d? d? Development and learn ng n the f rst year of l fe Development and learning in the first year of life Development and learn ng n the f rst year of l fe Development and learning in the first year of life establish the relationship between a movement and establish the relationship between a movement and the perception of the sensory input from that the perception of the sensory input from that movement movement movement. movement.
How is the visual process learned? How is the visual process learned? Motor and sensory pathways are learned at the same Motor and sensory pathways are learned at the same time. time. Modified Modified movement movement Sensory afferent Sensory afferent M M Movement information Movement information t i f t i f ti ti
Early Experience the Brain and Consciousness Early Experience the Brain and Consciousness Early Experience, the Brain and Consciousness, Early Experience, the Brain and Consciousness, Dalton and Dalton and Bergenn Bergenn ‘…movement is an ‘…movement is an intrinsic and intrinsic and ineradicable element of ineradicable element of ineradicable element of ineradicable element of each and every sensory each and every sensory perception’. perception’.
Early Experience the Brain and Consciousness Early Experience the Brain and Consciousness Early Experience, the Brain and Consciousness, Early Experience, the Brain and Consciousness, Dalton and Dalton and Bergenn Bergenn ‘Perceptual knowledge depends on the relationship ‘Perceptual knowledge depends on the relationship between:- between: - posture that furnishes the ground, posture that furnishes the ground, t t th t f th t f i h i h th th d d the spatial position of the object in view, the spatial position of the object in view, intersensory intersensory intersensory judgement intersensory judgement judgement and judgement, and , and and proprioceptive proprioceptive feedback. feedback. All four variables and their interrelationship undergo All four variables and their interrelationship undergo change as a result of growth and changes in mobility’. change as a result of growth and changes in mobility’.
H How is the visual process learned? H How is the visual process learned? i th i i th i l l l l d? d? Motor development Motor development theories theories Gesell and Gesell and Amatruda Amatruda Kugler Kugler Thelen Kugler Kugler, , Thelen Thelen Thelen Hadders Hadders Algra Algra
Neural Maturation Neural Maturation (Gesell, (Gesell, Amatruda Amatruda 1945) 1945) Nature response Nature response Predetermined patterns, P Predetermined patterns, P d t d t i i d d tt tt Within the constraints of genetics, Within the constraints of genetics, Increasing cortical control. Increasing cortical control Increasing cortical control Increasing cortical control. Late attainment, and/or Late attainment, and/or abnormalities in muscle tone and abnormalities in muscle tone and reflexes. reflexes.
Dynamic Systems Theory Dynamic Systems Theory y y y y y y (Kugler Kugler et al (1980) in et al (1980) in Hadders Hadders- -Algra Algra 2000Aug p 567) 2000Aug p 567) N N Nurture response Nurture response t t s s s s The effects of the The effects of the component parts component parts eg eg body b d b d body weight, muscle strength, weight, muscle strength, postural control postural control + The effects of the The effects of the environmental conditions environmental conditions and task requirements and task requirements = Spontaneous specific Spontaneous specific Spontaneous, specific Spontaneous, specific organisation of behaviour. organisation of behaviour.
Dynamic Systems Theory Dynamic Systems Theory y y y y y y (Thelen Thelen et al (1995) in et al (1995) in Hadders Hadders- -Algra Algra 2000Aug p 567) 2000Aug p 567) A dynamic system and a A dynamic system and a self organising process. self organising process. g g g p g p A series of states of A series of states of stability and instability stability and instability b l b l d d b l b l as patterns of as patterns of movement were movement were m m m m attempted. attempted.
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