Powering Compute Powering Compute Platforms in High Platforms in High Efficiency Data Efficiency Data Centers Centers Annabelle Pratt, Pavan Kumar, Annabelle Pratt, Pavan Kumar, Kevin Bross, Tomm Aldridge Kevin Bross, Tomm Aldridge
Agenda Agenda Defining a power- -efficient data center efficient data center � Defining a power � Improving power delivery efficiency � Improving power delivery efficiency � Power delivery architecture comparison � Power delivery architecture comparison � DC data center demonstration � DC data center demonstration � Slide 2
Defining Defining a power a power- -efficient data center efficient data center Scope Scope Die Board Server Rack Data Center Slide 3
Defining a power Defining a power- -efficient data center efficient data center Powering a Data Center Powering a Data Center BLDG 12V DC/DC PWR AC/DC AC/DC DC/AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans Server PDU Rack UPS PDU Cool Air to Data Center Room Cooling System Heat Rejected To Outdoors Slide 4
Defining a power Defining a power- -efficient data center efficient data center Power Delivery Challenge Power Delivery Challenge Power delivery efficiency for data center is only ~ 50% Load 100W Total 285W – 405W Server fans 13W VR 22W Room cooling PSU 48W 80W – 200W UPS&PDU 22W Get the whole picture : Consider power- efficiency at data center level Slide 5
Agenda Agenda Defining a power- -efficient data center efficient data center � Defining a power � Improving power delivery efficiency � Improving power delivery efficiency � Power delivery architecture comparison � Power delivery architecture comparison � DC data center demonstration � DC data center demonstration � Slide 6
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Conventional AC architecture Conventional AC architecture 380V 380V 12V 480V 208V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% � Prevalent architecture Prevalent architecture � � Multiple conversion stages all impact efficiency Multiple conversion stages all impact efficiency � Slide 7
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Note on efficiencies Note on efficiencies � Use heavy load efficiencies for comparison Use heavy load efficiencies for comparison � 100 50 95 45 Input power savings [%] 90 40 85 35 Efficiency [%] 80 30 Baseline efficiency 75 25 Improved efficiency 70 20 Input power savings 65 15 60 10 55 5 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Load [%] Slide 8
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Power Train: UPS Power Train: UPS 380V 380V 12V 480V 208V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% � Double Conversion UPS –Most commonly used in data centers today Most commonly used in data centers today – –Typical Typical 88% 88% efficient efficient – –As high as As high as 94% 94% – Slide 9
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Power Train: PDU Power Train: PDU 380V 380V 12V 480V 208V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% � Power Distribution Unit –Transformer steps down 480V AC to 208V AC Transformer steps down 480V AC to 208V AC – –Provides branch protection Provides branch protection – –Typically Typically 97 97 - - 99% 99% efficient efficient – –Include cable losses here Include cable losses here – Slide 10
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Power Train: PSU Power Train: PSU 12V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% � PSU – Typical PSU efficiency Typical PSU efficiency 75% 75% – – EPA Energy Star EPA Energy Star * , 80PLUS, SSI promote 80% 80% – * , 80PLUS, SSI promote –Technology exists for Technology exists for ~90% ~90% – – Initial cost remains a challenge Initial cost remains a challenge – * Draft Draft * Slide 11
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Power Train: VR Power Train: VR 12V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% � VR –Typical efficiency 75% (system aggregate) –Continually increasing, approaching 80% * Draft Draft * Slide 12
Improving power delivery efficiency Improving power delivery efficiency Conventional AC architecture Conventional AC architecture 380V 380V 12V 480V 208V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 88% x 93% x 79% x 75% = 48% 94% x 94% x 89% x 86% = 68% � High efficiency components can reduce input High efficiency components can reduce input � power by 30% power by 30% Use high efficiency components to reduce energy consumption Slide 13
Agenda Agenda Defining a power- -efficient data center efficient data center � Defining a power � Improving power delivery efficiency � Improving power delivery efficiency � Power delivery architecture comparison � Power delivery architecture comparison � DC data center demonstration � DC data center demonstration � Slide 14
Power delivery architecture comparison Power delivery architecture comparison Best- -in in- -Class AC Architecture Class AC Architecture Best Line-interactive 380V 380V 12V 208V DC/DC AC/DC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU AC/DC DC/AC Fans PDU Server PDU Rack UPS 98% x 94% x 89% x 86% = 71% � Avoid double conversion in UPS Avoid double conversion in UPS � � Use line Use line- -interactive or Delta Conversion UPS interactive or Delta Conversion UPS � –Highly efficient ~ Highly efficient ~ 98% 98% – –Not in wide Not in wide- -spread use today spread use today – Slide 15
Power delivery architecture comparison Power delivery architecture comparison Best- -in in- -Class AC Architecture Class AC Architecture Best Delta Conversion 380V 380V 12V 208V 480V DC/DC AC/DC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU DC/AC AC/DC Fans PDU Server PDU Rack UPS 98% x 94% x 89% x 86% = 71% � Avoid double conversion in UPS Avoid double conversion in UPS � � Use line Use line- -interactive or Delta Conversion UPS interactive or Delta Conversion UPS � –Highly efficient ~ Highly efficient ~ 98% 98% – –Not in wide Not in wide- -spread use today spread use today – Slide 16
Power delivery architecture comparison Power delivery architecture comparison 400V AC Architecture 400V AC Architecture 380V 380V 12V 400V 480V 230V DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC AC/DC 3 φ AC 3 φ AC 1 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 94% x 97% x 89% x 86% = 70% � If UPS output 400V, do not need transformer in PDU If UPS output 400V, do not need transformer in PDU � Slide 17
Power delivery architecture comparison Power delivery architecture comparison Rack Level - -48V DC Architecture 48V DC Architecture Rack Level 380V -48V 12V 480V 208V AC/DC DC/DC AC/DC DC/AC 3 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU Fans PDU Server UPS PDU Rack 94% x 94% x 92% x 93% x 86% = 65% � Reduce heat load in individual server Reduce heat load in individual server � � Reduce PSU volume Reduce PSU volume � � Rack level AC/DC redundancy Rack level AC/DC redundancy � Slide 18
Power delivery architecture comparison Power delivery architecture comparison -48V DC Architecture 48V DC Architecture - 380V 12V 480V AC / DC -48V -48V DC/DC DC 3 φ AC VR Loads Loads VR PSU UPS Fans PDU Server PDU Rack 93% x 97% x 93% x 86% = 72% � Remove conversion stages Remove conversion stages � � Used in telecommunications industry Used in telecommunications industry � � ~ 100 x copper UPS to PDU ~ 100 x copper UPS to PDU � � ~ 20 x copper PDU to rack ~ 20 x copper PDU to rack � – Addressed with distributed UPS – Addressed with distributed UPS Slide 19
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