Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Physiology 3 Planes 28/08/17 4 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Physiology 1

Physiology 2

Physiology 3

Planes 28/08/17 4

Planes 28/08/17 5

Flexion Vs. Extension Adduction Vs. Abduction 28/08/17 6

Foot landing 28/08/17 7

Knee Conditions Knee conditions that lead to surgery 28/08/17 8

MUSCLES 28/08/17 9

Muscles in human body

Muscles in human body

Muscles The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body. • Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named • muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ constructed of skeletal muscle • tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and nerves. Visceral Skeletal Cardiac (smooth) (striated) Involuntary Control Voluntary Control Involuntary Control 28/08/17 12

Bone microstructure 28/08/17 13

Microstructure of muscles 28/08/17 14

Ligaments Vs. Tendons Tendons Ligaments Bone to Muscle Bone to Bone 28/08/17 15

Ligaments Vs. Tendons Tendon Ligament 28/08/17 16

Ligament of Rabbit 28/08/17 17

Comparison of elongation of a tendon against normal materials Most materials Tendon 28/08/17 18

Tendon - Effect of Rate of deformation 28/08/17 19

Exploded View of Tendon 28/08/17 20

Actin and Myosin 28/08/17 21

Three mechanical characteristics of muscles Force – Velocity characteristics 28/08/17 22

Three mechanical characteristics of muscles Force – Length characteristics 28/08/17 23

Three mechanical characteristics of muscles Force – Time characteristics It takes about 250 to 400 ns for peak force to be achieved after activation of the muscle group 28/08/17 24

Stretch shortening cycle Most normal movements unconsciously begin a stretch- shortening cycle; a counter movement away from the intended direction of movement that is slowed by eccentric muscle and is followed by concentric action in the direction of interest. 28/08/17 25

Regulation of muscle force in cycling 28/08/17 26

Muscles in a human thigh 28/08/17 27

Energy synthesis Glycosis Vs. Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to reform ATP. In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria.

Muscle Fiber Types Type I Type IIa Type IIb Red Red White Diameter Medium Large Large (neuron & fiber) Force Capacity Low (5g) Moderate (20 g) High (50 g) Myosin ATPase Low High High Activity Myoglobin High High Low Content Metabolic Oxidative Oxidative/ Glycolytic Properties Glycolytic Fatigue High Intermediate Low Resistance

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