Pests to be Covered Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Red Palm Mite Darcy - PDF document

9/7/2012 Pests to be Covered  Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle  Red Palm Mite Darcy E. Oishi, Janis Garcia and Mann Ko 808-973-9525  South American Palm Weevil hdoa.ppc@hawaii.gov  Red Ring Disease R d Ri Di  Lethal Yellow  Cadang Cadang Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Range  Native Distribution: S and SE Asia  Introduced Range:  Guam, American Samoa, Palau, Tonga, New Guinea, India, Sri Lanka Guinea, India, Sri Lanka Mark Schmaedick Potential Range Pathways  Shipping containers  Plant material  Detritus  Increased movement between Hawai ʻ i I d t b t H i ʻ i and the Pacific Islands  Expansion of U.S. military presence in Guam 1

9/7/2012 Recognizing Damage Bore Holes  Adults Burrow into the center of the crown  Damages young tissue as they feed of sap  When tissues leaf produces a distinct V- When tissues leaf produces a distinct V shaped cut in frond Bore holes V-ing of fronds Mark Schmaedick What could cause similar Control damage  Rats can cause damage similar to CRB  Sanitation: destruction of dead trees  The “V-ing”of leaves can occur due to  Sanitation: mulching around base of live trimming trees  Sanitation: cover dead trees with vines  Sanitation: cover dead trees with vines or ground cover 2

9/7/2012 Biocontrol: Biocontrol Metarhizium anisopliae Oryctes virus Infected Uninfected Note on Biocontrols Control: Stir fried larvae!  Hawaii would need to obtain permits for import  Guam CRB infestation is resistant to the virus but highly susceptible to the fungus virus but highly susceptible to the fungus  Likeliest pathway for HI to become infested is Guam Red Palm Mite Range  Native Range: Middle East  Introduced Range: Caribbean 3

9/7/2012 Pathways Recognizing damage  Typical pathway is infested host material  Visible to the naked eye; usually forms clusters on the leaf  Can spread by wind currents  Necrosis  Highest risk pathway is from Florida  Chlorosis  Chlorosis  Can travel on non-propagative parts Can tra el on non propagati e parts  Woven hats or other items  Leaf yellowing (can be mistaken for  Debris in containers etc. lethal yellow)  Guam Pathway  Guam can get infested from Florida and in turn infest Hawai‘i Colony on a leaf Severe infestation Byrony Taylor Close up Control  Chemical  Neem oil  Systemics  Biocontrol*  Biocontrol  Predatory mites  Ladybeetles  A fungus  *Research has been done in Asia only 4

9/7/2012 South American Palm Weevil Hosts  Various palms  In addition:  Banana  Mango  Mango  Breadfruit  Pineapple  Sugarcane  Avocado (minor host) Ulrich Zunke, University of Hamburg, Germany Range U.S. Surveys  Native Range: South and Central America  Expanded Range: Caribbean, limited distribution California and Texas distribution California and Texas Potential Range (excluding HI) Pathways  USDA has intercepted on air and ship cargo  Typically on host fruit from S. and Central America Central America  Banana shipments are the highest risk 5

9/7/2012 Recognizing Damage How to check a tree: Option 1  Progressive yellowing of foliage  Remove palm frond at base  Emerging leaves destroyed  Inspect/split base for  Flowers are necrotic  Tunneling  Larvae  Larvae  In heavy infestations I h i f t ti  adults  Galleries are easily detectable  Produces foul odor  Palms 3-5 years most attractive How to check a tree: Option 2 Control  Cut multiple fronds from one side of the  Kill trees (burning or chemical treatment) from tip to start of trunk  Use traps and lures (applicable more for  Inspect for government agency response)  Larvae  Biocontrol?  Biocontrol?  Pupae  Adults  Most effective method of detecting larvae and pupae  Very invasive! Red Ring Disease Life Cycle  Vectored by South American Palm Weevil (SAPW)  Weevil infects trachea and gut  Vectored only by females during oviposition Vectored only by females during oviposition  Unknown if Red Palm Weevil (RPW) can vector the disease 6

9/7/2012 Distribution Pathways  South and Central America  Similar to that of SAPW  Has not entered the mainland United  High pathway for areas with SAPW but States-- YET no Red Ring Disease is seed nut industry industry Detection Control  Distinct red ring one to seven feet above  Must control the vector soil line  Destroy infected  External symptoms visible after 2 months trees by burning or  Wilt and yellowing of leaflets y g chemical use h i l  Production of smaller or deformed leaves  Long term:  Premature nut fall  Resistant strains?  Trees between 3 to 10 years old are more  Biocontrol? susceptible  Can be recovered from some leaves Lucid central Lethal Yellow What is it?  Disease caused by mycoplasms  Systemic diseases vectored by a plant hopper (not present in Hawaii per recent surveys for palm pests) surveys for palm pests) 7

9/7/2012 Distribution Pathways  Native Range: Unknown  Movement of the vector  (lower risk, vector is not a good host)  Expanded Range:  Movement of infected plant material  Africa  The Carribean  The Carribean  Parts of Central and South America  Parts of Florida and Texas Detection Detection  Stage 1:  Stage 2  Premature dropping  New flower stalks turn of coconuts brown or black  Fallen nuts will have  No fruit set brown or black are brown or black are  Stage 3  Stage 3 where it had attached  Fronds turn yellow to tree then brown  Affected fronds hand straight down  Canopy wilts and bud rots Control Cadang Cadang  Plant resistant cultivars  Control vector populations  Insecticidal control  Grass management (vector feeds on  Grass management (vector feeds on grasses too)  Treatment of infected plants  Injections on a quarterly basis 8

9/7/2012 What is it? Distribution  Viroid- short, single stranded RNA with a  Native Distribution: Believed to be the protein coat similar to viruses central Philippines  Little is known:  Expanded Distribution: Spreading through Philippines through Philippines  How is it vectored?  How is it vectored?  Very closely related viroid has been found in Guam Detection Yellow leaf spots  3 stages  Early- 2 to 4 years from infection ○ Scarification of coconuts ○ Fronds form bright yellow spots  Medium- 4 to 6 years from infection ○ Stunting and killing of inflorescences ○ Wide spread yellow spotting looking like chlorosis  Late: 6 years after infection ○ Yellow fronds decrease in number ○ All fronds disappear D. Hanold and J.W Randles Control  Disease is always FATAL  Infected trees must be destroyed D. Hanold and J.W Randles 9

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