Past Observations and Future Challenges for Ocean Colour Remote - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Past Observations and Future Challenges for Ocean Colour Remote Sensing Charles R. McClain Code 616, Ocean Ecology Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center First International Ocean Colour Science Meeting Darmstadt, Germany, May 6-8, 2013

Ten Major Steps Forward for Satellite Ocean Biological-Biogeochemical Science • Nimbus-7/CZCS demonstration & experiment team • Global CZCS reprocessing • SeaWiFS Project Office • SeaDAS • MOBY & vicarious calibration methodology • Atlantic Meridional Transect • International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group • SIMBIOS Project • Bio-optical algorithms: empirical to semi-analytic • Chlorophyll-a multi-sensor Climate Data Record

Coastal Zone Color Scanner Demonstration (1978-1986) Nimbus-7 CZCS Experiment Team (NET) • Warren Hovis (PI) • Howard Gordon • Ross Austin • Dennis Clark • Charlie Yentsch • Jim Mueller • Boris Sturm • Sayed El-Sayed • Bob Wrigley • Frank Anderson • Ed Baker • John Apel

Coastal Zone Color Scanner Reprocessing (1985-1989) Reprocessing Team • Wayne Esaias (PI) • Chuck McClain (QC) • Gene Feldman (Production) • Bob Evans (Calibration) ~ 5 years ~ 30,000 9-track tapes ~ 90,000 scenes

The SeaWiFS Project (1991-2010) Notable Achievements • Data-buy “ insight, not oversight ” • “ First-day ” data access & graphical data ordering interface • Lunar calibration method • Technical Memorandum Series • Open community participation • SeaDAS • SeaBASS • In situ measurement protocols • 1 st OC climate quality data time series • HRPT station support • Calibration round-robins • HPLC pigment analysis round-robins • Data analysis round-robins • NIR aerosol correction method (Gordon & Wang, 1993) • Real-time field campaign support • Community-based algorithms (e.g., chl-a, O ’ Reilly et al., 1999) • Instrument development (e.g., SeaWiFS transfer radiometer)

SeaDAS (1992-present) Sensors Supported: • CZCS (1978-1986) • OCTS (1996-1997) • SeaWiFS (1997-2010) • MODIS/Terra (2001-present) • MODIS/Aqua (2002- present) • MERIS (2002-2012) • Missions under evaluation/development – ViiRS, OCM, HICO, and GOCI

Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY) deployed 1996-present Dennis Clark Mark Yarbrough Bill Broenkow Carol Johnson Mark Feinholz Stephanie Flora Chuck Trees Ken Voss Steve Brown

Atlantic Meridional Transect (1995-present)

International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group 1996-present Chairs: Trevor Platt Jim Yoder David Antoine Project Coordinator: Venetia Stuart 13 topical reports published to date.

SIMBIOS (1997-2003) (Sensor Intercalibration & Merger for Biological & Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies) Objectives: • Ensure development of internally consistent research products & time series from multiple satellite ocean color data sources • Develop methodologies for cross-calibration of satellite ocean color sensors • Develop methodologies for merging data from multiple ocean color missions • Promote cooperation between international ocean color projects Organization • SIMBIOS Project Office • International Science Team Activities • Sensor evaluations (MOS, OCI, OSMI, OCTS, POLDER, MODIS) • Calibration round robins (SIRREX) • Coastal/Island AERONET sites (~12) • Annual science team meetings • In situ measurement protocols • Annual project reports (Techical Memos) • Instrument pool (Microtops, SIMBAD, etc.) • SeaBASS support • HPLC round robin • Data merging methodologies

SIMBIOS International Science Team (#2)

Bio-optical Algorithms: Empirical to Semi-analytical Clarke, Ewing, & Lorenzen, Science , O ’ Reilly et al., 1970 Gordon et al., Appl. Opt. Appl. Opt. , 1998 1983 IOCCG Rept #5, 2006 Present Validated Products • Chlorophyll-a • Diffuse attenuation coefficient (490 nm) SeaWiFS chl-a retrievals Current Unvalidated Research Products • Inherent optical properties • Spectral diffuse attenuation Future Research Products • Euphotic depth • Particle size distributions & composition • Spectral remote sensing reflectance • Phytoplankton carbon • Particulate organic carbon concentration • Dissolved organic matter/carbon • Primary production • Physiological properties (e.g., growth rates) • Calcite concentration • Fluorescence quantum yield • Colored dissolved organic matter • Phytoplankton pigment absorption spectra • Photosynthetically available radiation • Export production • Fluorescence line height • Functional/Taxonomic groups • Total suspended matter • Trichodesmium concentration

Chlorophyll-a Multi-sensor Climate Data Record • Multiple sensors of different design • Different degradation modes • Common data processing algorithms & methodologies • Calibration* • Atmospheric correction • Bio-optical • Masks & Flags * MERIS on-orbit calibration is not lunar-based.

Data Product Consistency Across Global OC Sensors Spring Climatology - SeaWiFS Spring 2012 - VIIRS Spring Climatology - Aqua/MODIS Spring Climatology - Terra/MODIS

Honorable Mention (in no specific order) • Field programs – Venice tower time series – BATS optical time series – AERONET-OC/SeaPRISM – Boussolle optical mooring time series • International cooperative activities – Oceanography from Space conferences – Japan US Working group in Ocean Color (JUWOC) – NASDA-NASA OCTS reprocessing collaboration – HPLC Round-Robins (SeaHARRE) • Algorithms – Gordon & Clark clear water radiance concept – Gordon-Wang atmospheric correction scheme – Behrenfeld-Falkowski primary production algorithm • OC Sensor Engineering – LEO (Global): OCTS, POLDER, SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, GLI – Geostationary: GOCI

Future Science: How do we get there? Present Validated Products SeaBASS Chl-a: • Chlorophyll-a most sampled biogeochemical parameter • Diffuse attenuation coefficient (490 nm) Current Unvalidated Research Products • Inherent optical properties • Spectral diffuse attenuation • Euphotic depth • Spectral remote sensing reflectance • Particulate organic carbon concentration • Primary production • Calcite concentration • Colored dissolved organic matter • Photosynthetically available radiation OC sensor spectral bands • Fluorescence line height Note: PACE/OES is hyperspectral (350-800nm) • Total suspended matter • Trichodesmium concentration Future Research Products • Particle size distributions & composition • Phytoplankton carbon • Dissolved organic matter/carbon • Physiological properties (e.g., growth rates) • Fluorescence quantum yield • Phytoplankton pigment absorption spectra • Export production • Functional/Taxonomic groups

Present & Future Challenges • Mission opportunities & space agency budgets & priorities – Increasing requirements for more capable sensors • Technology not an issue, but cost & complexity can be – Competition for resources between science disciplines (Earth & space) • Field measurements and related technology – In situ measurement requirements (increasing product suite/ diversity, consistent well-defined measurement protocols) • Need much more in situ data for most current & future derived products – Limited instrument development funding through present programs • International cooperation – Coordination to minimize mission redundancies & optimize constellation to satisfy diverse science requirements • Global science vs. regional management • Combination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Geostationary – Differing national policies on data and S/W sharing (field & satellite) – Collaboration on common infrastructure support (e.g., an international vicarious calibration strategy/system) – Joint Cal/Val cruise/field campaign program – Sponsorship of round-robin & protocol development activities

Some Suggestions • International strategy on OC missions and science objectives – Low earth orbit: global, infrequent temporal • IOCCG Report #13 – Geostationary: regional, high frequency temporal – Other ? (asynchronous, ocean-aerosol lidar, etc.) • Pursue joint missions & partnerships – Defray launch, spacecraft, sensor, ground system, data processing, calibration/validation, science costs • Coordinate joint international field campaigns for calibration/validation & algorithm development and mission science – Cruises of opportunity (significant science complement), e.g., AMT – Dedicated experiments • Sequence of targeted regions of interest • “ Host nation ” vessels, multiple nation vessels, etc. scenarios – Predefined measurement suite with internationally assigned &/or competed participation – Common in situ data archive with QC, e.g., SeaBASS • Implement the International Network for Sensor InTercomparison & Uncertainty assessment for Ocean-colour Radiometry (INSITU-OCR)