Overview of Selected NETL Research Office of Research and Development Geological and Environmental Systems Dustin L. McIntyre, PhD National Energy Technology Laboratory www.netl.doe.gov Office of Fossil Energy September 18, 2009
Outline • Brief Overview of NETL and ongoing research efforts • X-ray CT scanning – CO2 sequestration research • Recent Work – GeoX2010 model optimization • Recent Work – ARMA Powder River Basin Coal • Current Work – Carbonated brine flow in fractures • Future Work – CO2 soluble surfactants, EOR • New Industrial CT scanner facility • Opportunities at NETL 2 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
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Secretary of Energy Visit 2005 Secretary of Energy Sam Bodman 5 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Secretary of Energy Visit 2010 West Virginia Senator Jay Rockefeller Secretary of Energy Steven Chu 6 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
NETL’s Office of Research & Development • Tackling important national energy problems – – CO 2 management, energy security, advanced fuels development, hydrogen technology, hybrid cycles, mercury capture, hydrates • Capitalizing on unique facilities and capabilities – History dates to early 1900’s • Achieving breakthrough science- – Computational science and application, hydrogen technologies, combustion science and engineering, sequestration mechanisms • Achieving technology successes – – R&D 100 awards, technology transfer awards, publications, licenses, etc. 7
Research and Development Focus Areas 8
X-ray CT Scanning • Nondestructive • Experiments at Temperature and Pressure • Identification of Areas of Interest – Post Mortem • Confocal Laser Microscope • Scanning Electron Microscope • Thin Sectioning • Proximate Analysis • Visualization – Segmentation – Time Studies – Surfaces and Videos • Digitization for Numerical Analysis 9 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
X-ray CT Scanning • Carbon Sequestration – Unmineable Coal Seams – Combined Coalbed Methane – Combined EOR – Brine Reservoirs – Natural Seal Integrity – Wellbore Seal Integrity 10 10 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Production from coal can be a complex process. • Flow through coal is defined in large part by the cleat network. • Methane sorbed on the coal is released by decreasing pressure. • Water needs to be moved out of cleats before gas can flow. • CO 2 injection causes reverse process (adsorption instead of desorption. SORPTION DIFFUSION ADVECTION 11 11
How much CO 2 can be stored (and methane removed)? • Sorption is typically considered to follow a Langmuir isotherm. • The gas pressure in the coal seam determines how much is sorbed to the coal. • CO 2 is preferentially sorbed to coal, compared to methane. 12 12
Computed Tomography Scanning of Coal • Computed Tomography – 2D X-ray images reconstructed to generate 3D volumes. – Porosity, Permeability, Swelling – Preferential Sorption CT slices show density variations of coal core 13 13
Changes due to confining pressure • Visualization – Fractures – Density Variations – Saturation – Deformation • Most important effect is on permeability • Most important coal properties for shrinkage and swelling: – Porosity ( f ) – Young’s modulus (E) – Poisson’s ratio ( n ) 14 14
Visualize Flow within Sandstone • Visualization – Preferential Flow – Saturation – Porosity – Permeability 15 15
Image Processing of Marcellus Shale Grey scale CT slices Three-dimensional reconstruction CT slices with false coloring 17 17
Multi-scale & Multi-phase Image Processing and CT Scanning Micro-Scale CFD Reservoir-Scale Implementation Develop Flow Relationships 19 19
CT Scanning and Flow Simulations • GeoX 2010, 3 rd International Workshop on X-ray CT for Geomaterials, March 1-3, 2010, New Orleans • Vary Roughness by Resampling • Vary Aperture by Resizing • Model Refinement – Model Minimization and Optimization – Computational Complexity – Time – Cost 20 20 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
CT Scanning and Flow Simulations 21 21 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
CT Scanning and Flow Simulations • JRC provides a more linear relationship than the Fractal Dimension 22 22 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
CT Scanning and Flow Simulations • T follows cubic relationship fairly well above 0.7mm aperture 23 23 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
44 th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symposium • “Mechanical Properties, Flow Properties, and Heterogeneous CO2 Sorption in Confined Powder River Coal Cores” Salt Lake City Utah, June 27 -30, 2010 • Sorption as a function of confining stress • Long term sorption • Permeability as a function of confining stress • Mechanical Strength as a function of sorption • Model manipulation and optimization 24 24 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Computed Tomography Analysis of Alterations in Fractured Caprock Resulting from CO 2 - acidified Brine Brian R. Ellis NETL Seal Integrity Group Meeting August 10, 2010 September 18, 2009
Motivation • Predict impact on seal integrity due to vertical leakage of CO 2 -acidified brine • Better understand conditions that will lead to self- sealing or continued dissolution 26 26
Site Selection – Michigan MRCSP Injection Amherstburg Well CO 2 inj. well Secondary Seal: Fine-grained LS/DS Injection Formation Bass Island Bois Blanc Primary Seal: Cherty Dolostone Injection Formation: Dolostone 27 27
Sample Preparation • 1” diameter, vertical core subsample taken from injection well core • Core fracture was artificially induced 28 28
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 29 29
Experimental Design Pressure transducer pH probe Pressure gauge Check valve Thermocouple 2-way shut-off valve ISC O Pum ISCO p Pump H 2 O CO Brine or 2 Oil CO 2 vent 15 psi BP R 1450 psi Gas/Liqui d Separator 30 30
Confining pressure and injection pumps Mixing Vessel at 30 ° angle to BPR, L/G increase surface separator and area contact union cross for pH probes Core holder inlet side 31 31
CT scanning during CT Scanner active flow-through at temperature and pressure 32 32
Starting Brine Composition Species [mol/L] Representative of 1 M NaCl 1.00 x 10 0 Na brine having previously 4.63 x 10 -2 Ca reacted with injection 1.86 x 10 -2 Mg formation minerals under 1.00 x 10 0 Cl CO 2 -saturated conditions – 2.36 x 10 -2 SO 4 near equilibrium with 1.00 x 10 -4 Sr Calcite, Dolomite, and 1.07 x 10 0 CO 2(aq) Anhydrite pH 4.86 • Temperature = 40°C • CO 2 pressure = 1450 psi • Confining pressure = 2000 psi • Flow rate = 10 ml min -1 33 33
CT Scanning Results 34 34
Inlet end of core Day 2 Top 1/3 Medical Scanner CT Resolution = 250 μ m Middle 1/3 Bottom 1/3 Day 7 Outlet end of core 35 35
2-D slice of top 1/3 of core – Prior to CO 2 -brine flow Micro-CT Imaging 2-D slice of top 1/3 of core – After 1 week of CO 2 -brine flow Micro CT Resolution = 27 μ m 36 36
2-D slice of middle 1/3 of core – Prior to CO 2 -brine flow 2-D slice of middle 1/3 of core – After 1 week of CO 2 - brine flow 37 37
2-D slice of bottom 1/3 of core – Prior to CO 2 -brine flow 1 mm 2-D slice of bottom 1/3 of core – After 1 week of CO 2 - brine flow 2 mm 38 38
Continued Analysis • SEM/EDS analysis of sectioned core – Sr-substitued calcite precipication? – Investigate extent and location of mineral dissolution along fracture pathway • ICP-AES analysis of brine effluent • Estimation of aperture change over time and the corresponding change in fracture volume 39 39
Acknowledgements • Dr. Catherine A. Peters Funding Support • Dr. Grant Brohmal • ORISE • Dr. Dustin McIntyre • Department of • Dr. Hema Siriwardane Energy Under • Dr. Jinesh Jain • Dr. Bob Warzinski Award Number DE- • Dr. Dustin Crandell FE0000749 • Eilis Rosenbaum • Bryan Tennant • Karl Jarvis 40 40
Future Facilities and Work • Microfocus X-ray CT facility – 30” x 48” Scanning Envelope – 5 micron Resolution (small samples) – 225 kV and 320 kV Sources • Carbon Sequestration – Seal Interaction with Carbonated Brine • Natural and Wellbore (Cement) Seals • Strength • Mineralization • Open/Close Pathways 41 41 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Custom Industrial CT Scanner 42 42 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Visualization of Coal 43 43 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
Future High Resolution Industrial CT Facility 44 44 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
NETL Opportunities • Proposal Solicitations through Project Management Center • Federal Employee • URS Contractor Employee • ORISE Student • Regional University Alliance (RUA) – CMU, PSU, WVU, Pitt, VT • Minority Mentoring Internship Program (MMIP) • Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) • Mickey Leyland Internship Program 45 45 Paper # FEDSM2009 – 78118
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