Operating System Installation Xavier Martorell-Bofill 1 René Serral-Gracià 1 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) September 16, 2014
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Lectures System administration introduction 1 Operating System installation 2 User management 3 Application management 4 System monitoring 5 Filesystem Maintenance 6 Local services 7 Network services 8 Security and Protection 9 10 Virtualization R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 2
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Outline Introduction 1 Equipment Life-cycle 2 System installation 3 Disk Partitioning and filesystems 4 System Init/Shutdown 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 3
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Outline Introduction 1 Goals Equipment Life-cycle 2 System installation 3 Disk Partitioning and filesystems 4 System Init/Shutdown 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 4
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Goals Abilities Installation scheduling Disk Partitioning File System creation Swap area dimensioning Basic configuration System Startup and Shutdown Configuration Commands and files fdisk , mkfs , mkswap , mount , swapon shutdown , halt , reboot , poweroff init , /etc/inittab , /etc/rc*.d/ , /etc/fstab R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 5
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Outline Introduction 1 Equipment Life-cycle 2 System installation 3 Disk Partitioning and filesystems 4 System Init/Shutdown 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 6
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Equipment Life-cycle 1 Reinstall New Install Update Entropy Initialize Configured Clean Unknown Fix Retire Off Sysadmin goals: Understand the existence of the states and their transitions Maximize the amount of time in the “Configured” state 1Rémy Evard. “An analysis of UNIX system configuration” . 11 th Systems Administration Conference (LISA 97) R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 7
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Equipment Life-cycle States New: new equipment Clean: equipment with the installed OS but without any maintenance task Configured: configured equipment according to the environment requirements Unknown: unconfigured or outdated equipment Off: discarded equipment due to its age or hardware failure R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 8
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Equipment Life-cycle Transitions Install: OS installation Initialize: Initial set of required changes to have the equipment configured in the work environment Update: Insert new functionalities, apply patches and security updates Entropy: Gradual degradation process leaving the equipment in unknown state Fix: take the necessary actions to set the equipment back to configured state Reinstall: massive update of the OS. Usually forced by an attack, goal shift in the equipment, or configuration errors Retire: final retirement of the equipment R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 9
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Outline Introduction 1 Equipment Life-cycle 2 System installation 3 Previous tasks Installation Disk Partitioning and filesystems 4 System Init/Shutdown 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 10
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown System installation Goals 1 Dimensioning 2 HW Acquisition 3 Disk preparation 4 Protected network setup 5 Install / OS & Software update 6 Service configuration / adaptation 7 Security policy enforcement 8 Final location network setup 9 10 Label / Document the followed steps 11 Monitor . . . goto 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 11
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Previous tasks Goals 1 Which is the purpose of the new equipment? Desktop Document editing? Compiling? Server E-mail? Web? Proxy? DNS? Files? Primary? Secondary? Amount of expected users Security requirements R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 12
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Previous tasks Dimensioning 2 CPU Memory Disk Redundancy Buy HW 3 OS Compatibility (drivers!) List of features IRQs, DMA, and/or ports... R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 13
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Installation Disk preparation 4 Partitioning Swap area preparation Format and prepare the filesystems Connect the equipment into a secure network 5 So during the installation the machine is protected Install / Update OS & Software 6 Choose OS / Distribution Select the package update list R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 14
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Installation Service configuration 7 Adapt them to the work environment Implement security policies 8 Offer only the necessary services Connect to the network 9 To the final location 10 Label / Document the followed steps In case it is necessary to repeat them, to apply them on other machines, . . . 11 Monitoring . . . goto 6 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 15
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Outline Introduction 1 Equipment Life-cycle 2 System installation 3 Disk Partitioning and filesystems 4 Filesystem preparation/format Swap area System Init/Shutdown 5 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 16
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Types of partitions (PC) Master boot record Boot Sector Primary Up to 4 “primary” partitions in the Data area 1 Master Boot Record Extended Boot Record Or 3 primary and 1 extended Boot Sector . . . or 2 primary and 2 extended . . . Logic (not supported by all OSs) Extended Data area 2 Primary partition Boot Sector May contain a filesystem Logic Extended partition Data area 3 Can only contain logical partitions No Usat Logical partitions Boot Sector May contain a filesystem Primary Data area 4 R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 17
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Types of partitions – GUID Partition Table (GPT) Up to 128 partitions with the default size of GPT There is no disctintion of primary and extended partitions anymore, now it is identified by UUID The partition type is determined by the Operating System, which assigns its own IDs R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 18
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Partitions: concept and justification Divide one disk into several independent disks Each partition is completely isolated from the others Error isolation More security Backup management different for each partition Faster More convenient Read-only or not much changed partitions Information reuse among OS Problem: hard disk fragmentation R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 19
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Filesystem structure in UNIX /** mnt* dev* etc sbin tmp* b proc** bin lib var* opt* usr* log* tmp bin sbin local* home* * Can be mounted filesystems ** Must be mounted filesystems R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 20
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Filesystem structure in UNIX /bin and /sbin Executables needed during boot time ifconfig , mount , ls , cat , ... /usr/bin and /usr/sbin Operating system applications man, apropos, ... adduser, deluser, ... /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/sbin (or /opt) Specific applications $HOME/bin End-user applications R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 21
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Filesystem structure in UNIX /var Dynamic content Accounting Information about end-user activity Spool Mail Cron/at lpd Run Pid’s of running daemons Log System logs R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 22
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Filesystem preparation/format mkfs -t tipus [opcions] dispositiu type: ext3, ext4, reiserfs, vfat, brtfs, . . . options (filesystem dependent) block size number of inode number of blocks (usually autodetected) . . . tune2fs [-l] [-j] . . . Filesystem ext[234] parameter configuration Filesystem check interval Journal creation . . . R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 23
Introduction Equipment Life-cycle System installation Partitioning Init/Shutdown Exercise – En grup If we put all the directories labelled with * and ** in their own partition. Determine a correct size for each partition Why the rest of the directoris cannot be on a partition by themselves R. Serral-Gracià, et. al Installation 24
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