On dating Proto-Indoeuropean via Bayesian phylogenetic inference Igor Yanovich 1 , Armin Buch, Johannes Dellert, Marisa K¨ ollner, Fabr´ ıcio Marcel Ferraz Gerardi, Roland M¨ uhlenbernd, Johannes Wahle and ager 2 Gerhard J¨ Institute of Linguistics, T¨ ubingen University 1 Carnegie Mellon 2 Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study MPI for the Science of Human History, Jena October 13, 2015 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 1 / 38
Phylogenetic age constraints J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 2 / 38
Bouckaert et al: based (mostly) on written this study record derive upper and lower upper and lower limit: limits from archaeological confined to last two findings millenia only lower limit: go up to last four millenia J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 3 / 38
Proto-Indo-Iranian Indo-Iranian Identification of Proto-II with Andronovo culture (Kuz’ima 2007) accepted by (some) proponents both of Anatolian and of Steppe theory time constraint: 1900–1600 BCE “Following the dissolution of the Balkan PIE linguistic area it seems likely that there was some further and significant punctuation episode in the Pontic steppe area which motivated the eastern dispersal of early Indo-Iranian into areas where the Early Steppe form of (Proto) IE had already been spoken for some time. Early Indo-Iranian is often correlated with the Andronovo culture of the Eurasian steppes, seen after 2000 BC (Kuzmina 1994)” Renfrew 1999 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 4 / 38
The Tocharian split Tocharian Steppe theory (Anthony): migration from the steppe towards the Altai mountain ca. 3300–3000 BCE Anatolian theory (Renfrew 1999): eastward migration from the Balkans into the steppes archaeological evidence for intense cultural exchange between steppes and the Balkans by the end of the 4th millenium if identified with Tocharian split, this also gives a time constraint ca. 3300–3000 BCE J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 5 / 38
Phylogenetic age constraints J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 6 / 38
Replication of Bouckaert et al 175 150 125 100 Frequency 7 5 5 0 2 5 0 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 treeModel.rootHeight mean: 7685 BP; 95% HDI: 6053–9545 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 7 / 38
Adding Indo-Iranian constraint 175 150 125 100 Frequency 7 5 5 0 2 5 0 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 treeModel.rootHeight mean: 7162 BP; 95% HDI: 5525–8931 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 8 / 38
Adding Tocharian constraint 200 175 150 125 Frequency 100 7 5 5 0 2 5 0 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 treeModel.rootHeight mean: 7295 BP; 95% HDI: 5316–8982 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 9 / 38
Adding both constraints 250 200 150 Frequency 100 5 0 0 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 treeModel.rootHeight mean: 7139 BP; 95% HDI: 5782–8622 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 10 / 38
Adding both constraints Lycian Luvian Hittite Wakhi Iron_Ossetic Digor_Ossetic Avestan Old_Persian Afghan Waziri Tadzik Persian_List Kurdish Baluchi Romani Singhalese Urdu Lahnda Hindi Sindhi Marwari Gujarati Marathi Bengali Oriya Assamese Bihari Nepali_List Kashmiri Vedic_Sanskrit Oscan Umbrian Catalan Spanish Portuguese_ST French Walloon Provencal Friulian Italian Romansh Ladin Sardinian_L Sardinian_C Sardinian_N Romanian_List Vlach Latin Breton_ST Breton_SE Breton_List Cornish Welsh_N Welsh_C Irish_A Scots_Gaelic Old_Irish Gothic Old_English English_ST Old_High_German Luxembourgish German_ST Frisian Flemish Dutch_List Old_Norse Faroese Icelandic_ST Riksmal Danish Swedish_VL Swedish_Up Swedish_List Old_Church_Slavonic Serbocroatian Macedonian Bulgarian Slovenian Russian Polish Ukrainian Byelorussian Czech Slovak Czech_E Lusatian_L Lusatian_U Latvian Lithuanian_ST Old_Prussian Armenian_List Armenian_Mod Classical_Armenian Albanian_Top Albanian_G Albanian_K Albanian_C Ancient_Greek Greek_ML Greek_Mod Tocharian_B Tocharian_A J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 11 / 38
Summary 10000 9000 treeModel.rootHeight 8000 7000 6000 5000 IE2011_RelaxedCovarion_AllSingletonsGeo.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_InIr.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_Tocharian.logtreeModel.rootHeight IE2011_InIr_Tocharian.logtreeModel.rootHeight Bayes factor Steppe Theory vs. Anatolian Theory goes up from 1:1 to 4:1 J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 12 / 38
And now for something completely different... J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 13 / 38
Borrowings in IELex general policy: loanwords are manually identified and marked as such usually excluded in phylogenetic analyses typical example: mountain (borrowed into English from French) sometimes decision is controversial: Russian sobaka ‘dog’ is assigned to the same cognate class as German Hund , but there is a debate in the literature whether it is an Iranian or a Turkic loan (it is certainly not inherited) deep borrowings might not be recognizable as such Impact on phylogenetic inference? J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 14 / 38
Semi-automatic loanword detection In an ideal phylogeny, each cognate class should emerge exactly once (it might get lost several times). ⇒ Dollo-model of character evolution parallel changes 0 → 1 possibly indicative for borrowing There might be other reasons, such as parallel semantic change wrong phylogeny incomplete sampling of synonyms . . . this talk: Maximum likelihood character state reconstruction manual identification of parallel changes J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 15 / 38
Semi-automatic loanword detection ● Hittite ● Luvian ● Tocharian B Tocharian A ● ● Classical Armenian ● Armenian List ● Armenian Mod ● Ancient Greek ● Greek K ● Greek Mod ● Tsakonian ● Greek Md ● Greek D ● Greek Ml ● Gothic ● Old English Old High German ● ● Frisian ● Afrikaans ● Dutch List ● Flemish ● German ● Standard German Munich ● Pennsylvania Dutch Letzebuergesch ● ● Schwyzerduetsch ● Old Gutnish ● Old Swedish ● Faroese ● Icelandic St ● Old Norse ● Norwegian Stavangersk ● ● Danish Fjolde ● Danish ● Oevdalian ● Gutnish Lau ● Swedish ● Swedish Vl ● Swedish Up Gaulish ● ● Old Irish ● Manx ● Gaelic Scots ● Irish B ● Irish A ● Old Cornish ● Old Welsh Welsh N ● ● Welsh C ● Cornish ● Breton St ● Breton List ● Breton Se ● Latin ● Rumanian List ● Vlach ● Sardinian L ● Sardinian N ● Sardinian C ● Italian Dolomite Ladino ● ● Friulian ● Ladin ● Romansh ● Provencal ● French ● Walloon ● Catalan Portuguese St ● ● Brazilian ● Old Prussian ● Latvian ● Lithuanian St ● Lithuanian O ● Old Church Slavonic ● Slovenian Serbocroatian P ● ● Serbian ● Serbocroatian ● Macedonian P ● Macedonian ● Bulgarian ● Bulgarian P ● Slovenian P Russian P ● ● Russian ● Ukrainian P ● Byelorussian P ● Byelorussian ● Ukrainian ● Polish ● Polish P Lower Sorbian ● ● Upper Sorbian ● Czech P ● Slovak P ● Czech ● Czech E ● Slovak ● Prasun Kati ● ● Ashkun ● Avestan ● Sogdian ● Ossetic ● Iron Ossetic ● Digor Ossetic ● Wakhi ● Sariqoli ● Shughni ● Waziri ● Pashto ● Persian Tadzik ● ● Baluchi ● Zazaki ● Kurdish ● Vedic Sanskrit ● Kashmiri ● Singhalese ● Gypsy Gk Khaskura ● ● Nepali ● Bihari ● Bengali ● Oriya ● Assamese ● Marathi ● Gujarati Marwari ● ● Sindhi ● Magahi ● Hindi dog:A ● Urdu ● Panjabi St ● Lahnda J¨ ager, Yanovich et al. (T¨ u) On phylogenetic dates MPI Jena 16 / 38
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