New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages Artemij Keidan, Sapienza University of Rome ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Generations of languages ➡ Generation 0: PIE ➡ Generation 1: Vedic Sanskrit, Gathic Avestan, Homeric Greek ➡ Generation 2: Prakrits, Balto-Slavic, Common Germanic, partly Young Avestan and Old Persian ➡ Generation 3: Modern Germanic and Romance languages A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 2
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Basic assumptions ➡ PIE and Gen1 languages – no morphological/syntactic distinction between adjectival vs. substantival NP modi fj ers – qualities expressed by verbs or appositions ➡ A group of Gen2 languages develop new morphological means for encoding NP modi fj ers A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 3
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Hypothesis ➡ Two things to encode: – constituency: delimiting the boundaries of the NP – direction of dependency: head vs. modi fj er ➡ Di fg erent Gen2 languages creates new means for it – variability is parametrical A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 4
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Morphological parameters ➡ Locus: • dependent-marking: special endings for adjectives • head-marking: Persian ez ā fe • double marking: redundant article in Greek • zero marking: amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 5
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Morphological parameters ➡ Position: – pre fj x (e.g. Greek article) – su ffj x (e.g. adjectival endings in Slavic) ➡ Autonomy: – clitic (article, ez ā fe ) – bound morpheme (endings) A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 6
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Morphological parameters ➡ Lexicalisation – nominals become modi fj ers contextually • shown by PIE and Gen1 languages, no adjectival class – modi fj ers are lexicalised as a paradigmatic class • creation of a new adjectival class A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 7
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Hypothesis ➡ A pattern observable in a group of Gen2 languages: – new encoding of constituency/dependency is created ➡ What we have to analyse: – source: either relative or demonstrative pronoun, or just pronominal endings – morphological parameters A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 8
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Avestan ➡ No separate adjective class ➡ Relative pronoun is used as “quasi-article” – relative clause with no predicate ➡ Links a modi fj er to the nominal head – X REL Y encodes [X head Y mod ] NP A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 9
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Avestan ➡ Relative pronoun ya- < IE * i ̯ o- is used – usually located between head and modi fj er – usually shows case agreement with the head st ā r ə m y ə m ti š tr ī m ‘the star [which is] Ti š triya’ ha č a z ə mat ̰ yat ̰ pa θ anay ā̊ “from the wide earth” A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 10
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Avestan ➡ Other uses: – substantivizer of quality nouns y ə̄ dr ə guu ā̊ “the wrong one” – sometimes modi fj er comes fj rst y ə m Mazd ą m Ahur ə m “Lord the Mazd ā ” A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 11
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Old Persian ➡ A pattern similar to the Avestan one is observed – relative pronoun haya is used (perhaps an enlargement of Old Iranian * ya -) ➡ It behaves as a quasi-article: – no predicate – sometimes case agreement with head noun A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 12
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Old Persian Gaum ā ta haya magu š “Gaumata REL magian” martiya haya draujana “man REL liar” Bardiya … haya Kurau š puça ‘Bardiya REL Cyrus’s son” hay ā am ā xam taum ā “ REL our family” D ā rayavau š haya man ā pit ā “Darius REL my father” x šā ya θ iya dah ạ y ū n ā m tayai šā m par ū n ā m “king of lands REL many” A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 13
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Middle (and New) Persian ➡ Old Persian quasi-article eventually agglutinates to the head noun (rather than to the modi fj er) – hence the ez ā fe in (Manichaean) Middle Persian MP, ManMP ʿ y ( g ) (phonetically ī ) → New Pers. - i – head-marking, clitic, phrase morpheme X- EZ Y encodes [[X head ] NP Y mod ] NP A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 14
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Middle (and New) Persian ➡ Middle Persian (on its way from REL to EZ ): sr ʿ y wysp ʾ n wyhyh ʾ n “head EZ all wisdoms” nwhz ʾ dg ʿ yg trkwm ʾ n “Nuhzadag EZ interpreter” ➡ New Persian ( ez ā fe fully grammaticalised, practically no overt adjectives): lab-i la ʾ l “a ruby lip” vs. la ʾ l-i lab “the ruby of the lip” A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 15
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Greek ➡ Adjectives are derivatives, no special endings ➡ New article is created: ὁ , ἡ , τό ( ho , h ē , to ) – from IE demonstrative pronoun * so , * seH ₂ , * tod – in Homer very often still demonstrative – in Homer partly overlapping with relative pronoun ὅς , ἥ , ὅ < IE * i ̯ os , * i ̯ eH ₂ , * i ̯ od A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 16
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Greek ➡ Three possible orderings of {Art Adj N} 1. ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀνήρ ( ho agathos an ē r ) 2. ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ ἀγαθός ( ho an ē r ho agathos ) 3. ἀνὴρ ὁ ἀγαθός ( an ē r ho agathos ) ➡ Article used for encoding constituency ART X ART Y encodes [X Y] NP A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 17
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Greek ➡ Ordering n. 3 disappears diachronically 1 st ordering 2 nd ordering 3 rd ordering Homer prevalent any some Tragedy prevalent rare some Xenophon prevalent some rare Attic oratory prevalent some any A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 18
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Greek ➡ Parallel to Avestan and Old Persian “quasi-article” ➡ Demonstrative or relative is irrelevant: – relative vs. demonstrative meanings are “confusable” – partial homophony (orthographic di fg erences are late) – functions are partly overlapping, especially in Homer A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 19
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Slavic ➡ A new class of adjectives by agglutination of the relative pronoun to nominal stems – this pronoun is almost as short as a fm ection: j ĭ , ja , je < from IE * i ̯ os , * i ̯ eH ₂ , * i ̯ od m ǫžŭ dobr ŭ j ĭ “man good- ADJ ” v ŭ pad ŭš aago i pr ě z ĭ r ě na “of fallen and mistaken” A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 20
ISTAL23 – Morpho-syntactic isoglosses in Indo-European: diachrony, typology and linguistic areas Slavic ➡ Very similar to Avestan and Persian, but – bound (not completely in the oldest sources: allows hiatus; sometimes Gruppenlexion ) – dependent-marking rather than head-marking – after agglutination creates lexicalised adjectival class • no adjectives in Modern Persian A. Keidan – New NP dependency marking in the “second generation” IE languages 21
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