New Developments in Chinook Salmon Life History Characterization Duane Massa Yuba Accord M&E Program Project Manager/Biologist Yuba Accord River Management Team 5 th Annual Symposium June 12, 2013
M ONITORING AND E VALUATION P ROGRAM New Developments in Life History Characterization Source Documents Biological Opinions Conventional Wisdom Population Characteristics Biological Assessments Population Trends Draft Recovery Plan Lifestage Periodicity Habitat Utilization Habitat Restoration Plans Behavior Environmental Impact Flow Relationships Statements/Reports Water Temperature Influences Management Plans Water Right Orders 2 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Run Timing and Modality Spring-run return to the river from Feb through May and exhibit a single, distinct temporal mode in run timing ? Fall-run Spring-run J F M A M J J A S O N D •Massa et al. 2010 •NMFS 2011 3 New Developments •Yoshiyama et al. 1998
V AKI R IVER W ATCHER 4 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON P ASSING D AGUERRE P OINT D AM Vaki Counts 2004-2005 5 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON P ASSING D AGUERRE P OINT D AM Vaki Counts 2006-2007 6 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON P ASSING D AGUERRE P OINT D AM Vaki Counts 2008-2009 7 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON P ASSING D AGUERRE P OINT D AM Vaki Counts 2010-2011 8 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Run Timing and Modality New Developments Spring-run return to the river from Feb through • Annually variable run timing May and exhibit a single, • Few fish passing Daguerre distinct temporal mode in Point Dam prior to May run timing • Intra-annual overlap in run ? timing Spring-run Fall-run J F M A M J J A S O N D 9 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Upstream Migration Upon entering the river, spring-run Chinook salmon migrate directly up to the uppermost reaches, where they hold over summer ? •CDFG 1991 •SWRCB 2003 10 New Developments •Vogel and Marine 1991 •YCWA et al. 2007
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Upstream Migration and Holding Acoustically tagged 90 spring-run Chinook salmon during 2009, 2010 and 2011 downstream of Daguerre Point Dam Tracked with 23 static receivers, and weekly roving surveys Nelson and Bloom, CDFW, 2011 11 New Developments
Spring-run Chinook Salmon Holding Selection Avoidance 12 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Holding 13 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Holding 14 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Upon entering the river, Upstream Migration spring-run Chinook salmon migrate directly up to the uppermost reaches, New Developments where they hold over summer ? • Variable duration of holding below Daguerre Point Dam 50 Number of Chinook Salmon 45 • Extended holding observed 40 35 30 below Daguerre Point Dam 25 20 15 10 • Hold throughout the lower 5 0 Yuba River over summer • Holding distributions non-random Englebright Narrows Timbuctoo Parks Bar Dry Creek Daguerre Hallwood Marysville Reach 15 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Spawning California Department of Yuba River Fish and Game (1991) Management Team (2010) Spring-run Chinook salmon spawn from September through November State Water Resources ? Control Board (2003) CALFED & Yuba County Water Agency (2005) Yuba County Water Agency et al. (2007) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lifestage Spawning 16 New Developments
24 S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Englebright ID-35735 23 Spawning 22 Narrows 21 Timbuctoo Bend 20 19 18 17 Parks Bar 16 15 River Mile 14 Recovered Tagged 13 DryCreek Reach 12 11 Daguerre Point Dam 10 9 8 Hallwood 7 6 5 4 3 Marysville 2 1 0 5/1/2010 6/1/2010 7/2/2010 8/2/2010 9/2/2010 10/3/2010 11/3/2010 12/4/2010 1/4/2011 17 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON Spawning New Developments Spring-run Chinook salmon spawn from September through • Spring-run Chinook salmon November spawn from September ? through early October Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lifestage Spawning 18 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Spring and Fall-Run Spawning Water temperature conditions are generally suitable for Chinook salmon spawning in the lower Yuba River ? •NMFS 2009 19 •USACE 2012 New Developments •RMT 2010
C HINOOK S ALMON Spawning 20 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Spawning 21 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Spawning New Developments Water temperature conditions are Water temperature conditions are • 97% of all newly constructed generally suitable for Chinook generally suitable for Chinook redds were observed at or salmon spawning in the lower Yuba salmon spawning in the lower Yuba below 58 ̊ F River River • Spawning distribution follows TRUE ? longitudinal temperature gradient change over time 1,200 2009 Redd Survey 1,100 1,000 900 Number of Redds 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 22 New Developments 0 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition Redd Superimposition • Relatively high rates occur in the lower Yuba River Indicates spawning habitat is limiting Suggests high embryonic mortality rates ? •Chebanov 1991 •Fukushima et al. 1998 23 •NMFS 2012 New Developments •Prenskiy 1990 •Weeber et al. 2010
Previous Superimposition Calculation Ellipse created from avg. redd size Ellipse overlap to determine superimposition Superimposition is defined as the area of overlap between Superimposition two redd ellipses
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition Create separate pot and tail spill ellipses! 25 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition Recorded Redd Position Egg Pocket 26 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition Egg Pocket Tail Spill Ellipse Pot Ellipse Indicator of Superimposition No Impact Impact No Impact Adjacent Pot Ellipse • 28-31% of the 6,000+ redds modeled showed a measureable degree of overlap • Of those, the average egg pocket overlap was 43-45% 27 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition is the total number of redds demonstrating a measurable degree of superimposition, is the total number of redds observed during the survey season, And is the average measure of overlap for redds exhibiting superimposition. Total modeled egg pocket area for all redds surveyed in 2009-2010 12-13% Egg pocket areas with overlap 28 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Redd Superimposition Redd Superimposition • Relatively high rates occur in the lower Yuba River Indicates spawning habitat is limiting Suggests high embryonic mortality rates ? New Developments • 31 and 28% of redds overlapped - 2009 and 2010 • Of those, 43 and 45% of egg pocket overlap • Superimposition impact indicator • 13% - 2009 • 12% - 2010 29 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Juvenile Rearing and Outmigration Juvenile rearing habitat is limiting Chinook salmon in the lower Yuba River ? •NMFS 2012 30 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Juvenile Rearing 31 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Juvenile Outmigration 2007/2008 • 2.9 million outmigrants • 2,604 spawners 32 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Juvenile Outmigration • Only three fish have been recovered in the lower Yuba River (4.21 x 10 -6 or approximately 0.0004% ) • 7 Recoveries Ocean Commercial • 2 Recoveries Ocean Sportfish • 4 Recoveries Feather River Hatchery 33 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Juvenile Rearing and Outmigration Juvenile rearing habitat is limiting Chinook salmon in the lower Yuba River To Be Determined New Developments • 2.9 million outmigrants during 2007/2008 from 2,604 spawners • A 0.0004% return rate to the lower Yuba River 34 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON Experimental Floodplain Rearing • Over 1mm growth per day • Relatively high survivorship 35 New Developments
S PRING - RUN C HINOOK S ALMON New Developments Annually variable Variable duration Few fish passing run timing of holding below Daguerre Point Daguerre Point Dam prior to May Dam Extended Intra-annual Spring-run holding observed overlap in run Chinook Salmon below Daguerre timing with fall-run Point Dam Spawn from Holding September distributions Hold throughout through early non-random the lower Yuba October River over summer 36 New Developments
C HINOOK S ALMON New Developments Spawning distribution follows longitudinal Superimposition 97% of all newly temperature impact indicator constructed redds gradient change 13% - 2009 were observed at over time 12% - 2010 or below 58 ̊ F Spring- and fall-run Chinook Salmon 2.9 million Intra-annual outmigrants during overlap 2007/2008 0.0004% in run timing from 2,604 spawners return rate to the lower Yuba River 37 New Developments
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