Neutrinos Leonidas Aliaga The 2019 Undergraduate Lecture Series July 9, 2019
Outline Introduction How the neutrinos were discovered? Still 0 files What is really the identity of neutrinos? How do we study neutrinos at Fermilab? � 2 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Introduction Still 0 files � 3 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Standard Model of Elementary Particles + https://www.physik.uzh.ch antiparticles � 4 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
What does elementary particle mean? e e � 5 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
What do we know about neutrinos They are abundant: emitted from the sun, other stars, and including the Big Bang are traveling through out space Still 0 files Millions and millions and millions of neutrinos are also passing through YOU at this very MOMENT! 65 billion of neutrinos / cm2 / sec from the Sun. � 6 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics � 6
What do we know about neutrinos Neutrino interactions are extremely rare! The probability of their interactions is very small Still 0 files (neutrinos at Fermilab can travel up to 200 Earths before interacting) � 7 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Neutrino and weak interactions t t Still 0 files � 8 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Neutrino and weak interactions t Still 0 files t � 9 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Andre De Gouvea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UY1QQr-PZOg � 10 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Andre De Gouvea: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UY1QQr-PZOg � 11 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Masses The difference between the generations is the mass. ν ? mass (GeV) � 12 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
What do we know about neutrinos They have very small masses and they change identity Still 0 files � 13 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
How the neutrinos were discovered? Still 0 files � 14 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Beta decay problem <= 1930’s Marie Curie Pierre Curie Henri Becquerel Unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting an electron transforms an atom Still 0 files into different type of atom Carbon Electron For instance: Nitrogen 14 14 N C e - 7 6 13 043.27 MeV/c 2 0.511 MeV/c 2 13 043.94 MeV/c 2 � 15 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Beta decay problem > 1930’s Measured Expected spectrum spectrum (1930) Pauli postulated an additional particle (neutral and very small) in beta decays. (1933) Fermi formulated the 156 KeV theory the weak force to Still 0 files explain the process. (1936) Yukawa proposed W boson as a carrier of the n -> p + e - + ν e weak force. � 16 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics � 16
Detect Neutrinos from Reactors Nuclear fission: bombarding heavy elements with slow neutrons: artificial radioactivity Neutrons are unstable: n p + e - + ν e Cowan � 17 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Neutrinos from Reactors n p + e - + ν e Cowan r a r e o l t c c u a n e ν e r detector ν e + p e + + n � 18 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Poltergeist project ν e Reines Cowan (1956) A team lead by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines designed an experiment to detect neutrinos from a reactor. Observed 0.56 counts per hour. https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-97-2534-02 � 19 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Homestake experiment (1961) Ray Davis confirmed the detection of solar neutrinos. Neutrino interactions convert Cl-37 into radioactive Ar-37. It was expected 1 neutrino per day. However, Ray Davis they only saw 1 neutrino every fourth days. Still 0 files � 20 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Homestake experiment (1961) Ray Davis confirmed the detection of solar neutrinos. Neutrino interactions convert Cl-37 into radioactive Ar-37. It was expected 1 neutrino per day. However, Ray Davis they only saw 1 neutrino every fourth days. Still 0 files � 21 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Homestake experiment (1961) Ray Davis confirmed the detection of solar neutrinos. Neutrino interactions convert Cl-37 into radioactive Ar-37. It was expected 1 neutrino per day. However, Ray Davis they only saw 1 neutrino every fourth days. Our understanding of how our Still 0 files detector behaves is wrong � 22 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Homestake experiment (1961) Ray Davis confirmed the detection of solar neutrinos. Neutrino interactions convert Cl-37 into radioactive Ar-37. It was expected 1 neutrino per day. However, Ray Davis they only saw 1 neutrino every fourth days. Our understanding of how our Still 0 files detector behaves is wrong Is the Solar model wrong? � 23 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Homestake experiment (1961) Ray Davis confirmed the detection of solar neutrinos. Neutrino interactions convert Cl-37 into radioactive Ar-37. It was expected 1 neutrino per day. However, Ray Davis they only saw 1 neutrino every fourth days. Our understanding of how our Still 0 files detector behaves is wrong Is the Solar model wrong? Our understanding on how neutrinos behave is wrong? https://cdn.journals.aps.org/files/RevModPhys.75.985.pdf � 24 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Atmospheric neutrinos Cosmic rays (mostly) interact in the upper atmosphere creating a hadronic showers (mostly pions). Roughly 2:1 muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos expected: π + μ + + ν μ e + + ν e + ν μ Events found in Kamiokande (~3kton WC) 1988 Phys. Lett. B205 (1988) 416 ν μ e-like μ -like ν e ν μ � 25 07-09-2018 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
What is really the identity of neutrinos? Still 0 files � 26 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Neutrinos Oscillation � 27 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ � 28 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ Created or detected ν e States associated to ν μ the corresponding lepton ν τ � 29 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ Created or detected Traveling ν 1 ν e States associated to States with well ν 2 ν μ the corresponding determined mass lepton ν 3 ν τ � 30 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ Created or detected Traveling ν 1 ν e States associated to States with well ν 2 ν μ the corresponding determined mass lepton ν 3 ν τ They do not match � 31 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = ν τ + + � 32 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e e ν e ν e ν µ ν µ µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 33 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 34 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 35 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 36 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 37 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
Create in one flavor, but detect in another flavor e ν e ν µ µ distance ν e ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + = ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 + + ν μ ν 1 ν 2 ν 3 = + + � 38 07-09-2019 Leonidas Aliaga | Neutrino Physics
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